adha(अध)
below
Inflected from adha. Indeclinable: “below.”
Word senses
Dvitīya Aṃśa, Aṣṭama Adhyāya · Back to chapter
English lines use these phrases for common nouns. Only names (people, deities, epithets) stay in Sanskrit in the translation.
adhikāni(अधिकानि)
adhi- (“over, concerning, unto”) + kāni
adhi- (“over, concerning, unto”) + kāni.
agni(अग्नि)
Fire as the eater and carrier of offerings
Inflected from agni. agni: fire, the driving fire (aṅg/ag, “to drive”). Fire as the eater and carrier of offerings.
antaram(अन्तरम्)
inner
antar: inside, among. The inner.
aparāhṇa(अपराह्ण)
apa- (“away”) + rāhṇa
apa- (“away”) + rāhṇa.
aparāhṇe(अपराह्णे)
apa- (“away”) + rāhṇe
apa- (“away”) + rāhṇe.
ata(अत)
hence
Inflected from ata. From idam/a-tas: “hence, therefore.”
ataḥ(अतः)
hence
From idam/a-tas: “hence, therefore.”
ātāmrā(आताम्रा)
ā- (“unto, fully”) + tāmrā
ā- (“unto, fully”) + tāmrā.
bahiḥ(बहिः)
outside
Indeclinable: “outside.”
bhagavān(भगवान्)
the Lord
bhaga (“share, portion, majesty,” from bhaj “to share”) + -vant “possessing.” One who has the share of majesty. The Lord as the one possessed of majesty, not a first name.
bhūya(भूय)
again
Inflected from bhūya. Comparative of bahu / from bhū: “more, again.”
brahma(ब्रह्म)
that-which-is-vast (brahman)
Neuter of brahman, from bṛh, “to grow, to swell, to be vast.” It names that which is vast — an entity, not a person. The creator god is a different word, Brahmā (masculine). A brāhmaṇa is a person of that class.
brahman(ब्रह्मन्)
that-which-is-vast (brahman)
Neuter of brahman, from bṛh, “to grow, to swell, to be vast.” It names that which is vast — an entity, not a person. The creator god is a different word, Brahmā (masculine). A brāhmaṇa is a person of that class.
brāhmaṇa(ब्राह्मण)
a brāhmaṇa
Inflected from brāhmaṇa. Belonging to brahman (that-which-is-vast). A person of that class; not the same word as brahma.
brahmaṇaḥ(ब्रह्मणः)
that-which-is-vast (brahman)
Neuter of brahman, from bṛh, “to grow, to swell, to be vast.” It names that which is vast — an entity, not a person. The creator god is a different word, Brahmā (masculine). A brāhmaṇa is a person of that class.
candra(चन्द्र)
the moon
Inflected from candra. candra from cand, “to shine.” The moon. soma is the pressed plant and the moon.
caran(चरन्)
moves
From car, “to move.” Moves, walks, practices.
catvāras(चत्वारस्)
four
catur: four.
daśa(दश)
ten
daśan: ten.
deva(देव)
shining one
Inflected from deva. From div, “to shine.” A shining one; a god as a shining being, not a generic “God.”
diśa(दिश)
direction
Inflected from diśa. diś: direction, quarter of the sky.
dṛśyate(दृश्यते)
is seen
Passive of dṛś: it is seen.
dvau(द्वौ)
two
dvi: two. Dual forms “these two.”
dve(द्वे)
two
dvi: two. Dual forms “these two.”
dvija(द्विज)
twice-born
dvi-ja “twice-born.” dvija-uttama: upmost of the twice-born.
eṣa(एष)
this one
Masculine of etad: “this one.”
etad(एतद्)
this
Neuter of etad: “this here.” e- + tad.
etat(एतत्)
this
Neuter of etad: “this here.” e- + tad.
ete(एते)
these
Nominative plural of etad: “these.”
gacchati(गच्छति)
going
From gam / yā, “to go.” Goes; they go; having gone; gone; he goes.
gata(गत)
going
Inflected from gata. From gam / yā, “to go.” Goes; they go; having gone; gone; he goes.
gatiḥ(गतिः)
going
From gam: a going, a destination.
gatim(गतिम्)
going
From gam: a going, a destination.
gatvā(गत्वा)
going
From gam / yā, “to go.” Goes; they go; having gone; gone; he goes.
hrasva(ह्रस्व)
short
Inflected from hrasva. hrasva: short.
iha(इह)
here
Adverb: “here, in this world.”
iṣṭvā(इष्ट्वा)
offers
From yaj, “to offer.” Offers; having offered.
jagat(जगत्)
the moving world
Inflected from jagat. From gam, “to go” (intensive): that which keeps going, the moving world.
jagataḥ(जगतः)
the moving world
From gam, “to go” (intensive): that which keeps going, the moving world.
jāyate(जायते)
is born
From jan, “to be born.” Is born; born.
jñeya(ज्ञेय)
knowing
Inflected from jñeya. From jñā, “to know.” Having known; knows; to-be-known.
kāla(काल)
time
Inflected from kāla. kāla: time; also “the dark, the calculating.” Time as what counts out and cuts off.
kālaḥ(कालः)
time
kāla: time; also “the dark, the calculating.” Time as what counts out and cuts off.
kālaṃ(कालं)
time
kāla: time; also “the dark, the calculating.” Time as what counts out and cuts off.
kālāt(कालात्)
time
kāla: time; also “the dark, the calculating.” Time as what counts out and cuts off.
kālena(कालेन)
time
kāla: time; also “the dark, the calculating.” Time as what counts out and cuts off.
kāraṇa(कारण)
the causing
Inflected from kāraṇa. From kṛ: the causing; a cause as that which makes.
kāryaṃ(कार्यं)
what-is-to-be-done
Gerundive of kṛ: what is to be done; the effect as “that which is to-be-made.”
kīrtita(कीर्तित)
named
Inflected from kīrtita. From kīrt, “to name, to praise.” Named; they name.
kurute(कुरुते)
does
From kṛ, “to do.” Does; you do!; do! (kuru can also vocative of Kuru).
lobhasya(लोभस्य)
grasping-desire
From lubh, “to desire greedily.” Grasping-desire.
madhyaṃ(मध्यं)
middle
madhya: middle.
madhye(मध्ये)
middle
madhya: middle.
mukham(मुखम्)
mouth
mukha: mouth, face, forefront.
nāma(नाम)
name
nāman: name, from a root of bending/marking. The name.
nāmāni(नामानि)
name
nāman: name, from a root of bending/marking. The name.
nava(नव)
nine
navan: nine. Also nava “new.”
nimeṣā(निमेषा)
ni- (“down, in”) + meṣā
ni- (“down, in”) + meṣā.
ninye(निन्ये)
ni- (“down, in”) + nye
ni- (“down, in”) + nye.
nirdhūtadoṣapaṅkānāṃ(निर्धूतदोषपङ्कानां)
nir- (“out, without”) + dhūtadoṣapaṅkānāṃ
nir- (“out, without”) + dhūtadoṣapaṅkānāṃ.
nirdvaṃdvā(निर्द्वंद्वा)
nir- (“out, without”) + dvaṃdvā
nir- (“out, without”) + dvaṃdvā.
nirvāṇam(निर्वाणम्)
blowing-out
nir- (“out”) + vā, “to blow.” A blowing-out (as a flame). Extinguishing of the burning.
niścayaḥ(निश्चयः)
ni- (“down, in”) + ścayaḥ
ni- (“down, in”) + ścayaḥ.
niyacchati(नियच्छति)
ni- (“down, in”) + yacchati
ni- (“down, in”) + yacchati.
niyutāny(नियुतान्य्)
ni- (“down, in”) + yutāny
ni- (“down, in”) + yutāny.
pañca(पञ्च)
five
pañcan: five.
pāpa(पाप)
ill-deed
Inflected from pāpa. pāpa: evil, what is ill, a bad deed. Not a Christian “sin” imported whole.
pāpaṃ(पापं)
ill-deed
pāpa: evil, what is ill, a bad deed. Not a Christian “sin” imported whole.
paraḥ(परः)
beyond
para: beyond, further, other. As a neuter noun often “what is beyond.”
paraṃ(परं)
beyond
para: beyond, further, other. As a neuter noun often “what is beyond.”
parām(पराम्)
beyond
para: beyond, further, other. As a neuter noun often “what is beyond.”
parāṃ(परां)
beyond
para: beyond, further, other. As a neuter noun often “what is beyond.”
paramaṃ(परमं)
highest
Superlative of para, “beyond, further.” The furthest, the highest.
parivatsaraḥ(परिवत्सरः)
pari- (“around”) + vatsaraḥ
pari- (“around”) + vatsaraḥ.
phalam(फलम्)
fruit
Fruit; the produce of a deed (from a root of bursting/ripening). Result as fruit, not a score.
prabhā(प्रभा)
pra- (“forth, forward”) + bhā
pra- (“forth, forward”) + bhā.
prakāśate(प्रकाशते)
pra- (“forth, forward”) + kāśate
pra- (“forth, forward”) + kāśate.
praṇaśyati(प्रणश्यति)
pra- (“forth, forward”) + ṇaśyati
pra- (“forth, forward”) + ṇaśyati.
prāpya(प्राप्य)
reaching
pra- āp, “to reach, to obtain.” Having reached; reaches.
prathame(प्रथमे)
pra- (“forth, forward”) + thame
pra- (“forth, forward”) + thame.
prathamo(प्रथमो)
pra- (“forth, forward”) + thamo
pra- (“forth, forward”) + thamo.
pratīpam(प्रतीपम्)
pra- (“forth, forward”) + tīpam
pra- (“forth, forward”) + tīpam.
pravartate(प्रवर्तते)
turns
From vṛt, “to turn.” Turns, goes on. pra-vṛt: turns forth, starts.
prayatātmabhiḥ(प्रयतात्मभिः)
pra- (“forth, forward”) + yatātmabhiḥ
pra- (“forth, forward”) + yatātmabhiḥ.
prayāti(प्रयाति)
goes forth
pra-yā, “to go forth.” Goes forth; a going-forth.
punaḥ(पुनः)
again
Adverb: “again, back.”
punar(पुनर्)
again
Adverb: “again, back.”
puṇya(पुण्य)
merit
Inflected from puṇya. puṇya: auspicious, meritorious (from puṇ/pūṣ related “to thrive”). Merit as what thrives.
puruṣottama(पुरुषोत्तम)
upmost Person
Inflected from puruṣottama. puruṣa + uttama (ud-tama, upmost). O upmost Person.
ratha(रथ)
chariot
Inflected from ratha. ratha: chariot, the going-vehicle (from ram/ṛ “to go”).
ṛṣaya(ऋषय)
seer
Inflected from ṛṣaya. ṛṣi: seer, from ṛṣ / dṛś related “to go, to see.” One who sees (the hymn, the truth).
ṛta(ऋत)
the fitted-true
Inflected from ṛta. ṛta: the fitted, the true course (from ṛ, “to go”). What is right-fitted.
sa(स)
he
Nominative singular masculine of tad: “he, that one.”
sā(सा)
she
Nominative feminine of tad: “she, that.”
samā(समा)
even
sama: same, even, equal. Evenness.
samam(समम्)
even
sama: same, even, equal. Evenness.
samarātridinaṃ(समरात्रिदिनं)
sam- (“together”) + arātridinaṃ
sam- (“together”) + arātridinaṃ.
saṃgavaḥ(संगवः)
saṃ- (“together”) + gavaḥ
saṃ- (“together”) + gavaḥ.
saṃgavāt(संगवात्)
saṃ- (“together”) + gavāt
saṃ- (“together”) + gavāt.
saṃtatair(संततैर्)
saṃ- (“together”) + tatair
saṃ- (“together”) + tatair.
saṃtatiṃ(संततिं)
saṃ- (“together”) + tatiṃ
saṃ- (“together”) + tatiṃ.
saṃvatsarādayaḥ(संवत्सरादयः)
saṃ- (“together”) + vatsarādayaḥ
saṃ- (“together”) + vatsarādayaḥ.
sapta(सप्त)
seven
saptan: seven.
sarveṣāṃ(सर्वेषां)
of all
Genitive plural of sarva: of all.
śatam(शतम्)
a hundred
śata: a hundred.
śiras(शिरस्)
head
Inflected from śiras. śiras: head. mūrdhan: head, peak.
soma(सोम)
the moon
Inflected from soma. candra from cand, “to shine.” The moon. soma is the pressed plant and the moon.
śṛṇu(शृणु)
hearing
From śru, “to hear.” Hear!; hears; having heard; heard.
sthānam(स्थानम्)
standing
From sthā, “to stand.” Standing-place; stood; having stood; stands.
sthānaṃ(स्थानं)
standing
From sthā, “to stand.” Standing-place; stood; having stood; stands.
sthita(स्थित)
standing
Inflected from sthita. From sthā, “to stand.” Standing-place; stood; having stood; stands.
sukha(सुख)
ease
Inflected from sukha. su- (“well, good”) + kha (“axle-hole, space”). Well-fitting; ease. Not a thin “happiness.”
sūrya(सूर्य)
the sun
Inflected from sūrya. From sūr / svar, “to shine.” The sun, the shining one.
sūryaḥ(सूर्यः)
the sun
From sūr / svar, “to shine.” The sun, the shining one.
sūryas(सूर्यस्)
the sun
From sūr / svar, “to shine.” The sun, the shining one.
suvrata(सुव्रत)
su- (“well, good”) + vrata
su- (“well, good”) + vrata.
suvratāḥ(सुव्रताः)
su- (“well, good”) + vratāḥ
su- (“well, good”) + vratāḥ.
svayaṃ(स्वयं)
oneself
sva + yam: by oneself; of one’s own accord.
tadā(तदा)
then
ta- + dā: “at that time, then.”
tān(तान्)
them
Inflected from tān. Accusative plural of tad: “them.”
tapati(तपति)
heats
From tap, “to heat.” Heats; is heated.
tataḥ(ततः)
then
From tad + tas: “from that, then.”
tathā(तथा)
so
ta- + thā: “in that way, so.”
tathaiva(तथैव)
likewise
tathā + eva: just so, likewise.
tatra(तत्र)
there
ta- + tra: “in that place, there.”
tejas(तेजस्)
sharp-glow
Inflected from tejas. From tij, “to be sharp.” Sharpness, brilliance, the cutting glow.
teṣām(तेषाम्)
of them
Genitive plural of tad: “of them.”
teṣāṃ(तेषां)
of them
Genitive plural of tad: “of them.”
tiṣṭhanti(तिष्ठन्ति)
stands
From sthā, “to stand.” Stands.
traya(त्रय)
three
tri: three.
trīn(त्रीन्)
three
Accusative of tri: three.
trīṇi(त्रीणि)
three
tri: three.
ubhayaṃ(उभयं)
both
ubha: both.
ubhayoḥ(उभयोः)
of both
Genitive/locative dual of ubha: of both.
ucyate(उच्यते)
is called
Passive of vac, “to speak.” It is said; it is called.
udayaḥ(उदयः)
ud- (“up, out”) + ayaḥ
ud- (“up, out”) + ayaḥ.
udito(उदितो)
ud- (“up, out”) + ito
ud- (“up, out”) + ito.
upakṣayam(उपक्षयम्)
upa- (“near, toward”) + kṣayam
upa- (“near, toward”) + kṣayam.
uttamam(उत्तमम्)
upmost
ud- (“up”) + tama (superlative). The upmost, the highest.
uttaraḥ(उत्तरः)
ut- (“up, out”) + taraḥ
ut- (“up, out”) + taraḥ.
uttaraṃ(उत्तरं)
ut- (“up, out”) + taraṃ
ut- (“up, out”) + taraṃ.
uttarato(उत्तरतो)
ut- (“up, out”) + tarato
ut- (“up, out”) + tarato.
uttarāyaṇam(उत्तरायणम्)
ut- (“up, out”) + tarāyaṇam
ut- (“up, out”) + tarāyaṇam.
uttarāyaṇapaścimam(उत्तरायणपश्चिमम्)
ut- (“up, out”) + tarāyaṇapaścimam
ut- (“up, out”) + tarāyaṇapaścimam.
uttare(उत्तरे)
ut- (“up, out”) + tare
ut- (“up, out”) + tare.
uttareṇa(उत्तरेण)
ut- (“up, out”) + tareṇa
ut- (“up, out”) + tareṇa.
vardhate(वर्धते)
grows
From vṛdh, “to grow.” Grows.
vartate(वर्तते)
turns
From vṛt, “to turn.” Turns, goes on. pra-vṛt: turns forth, starts.
vibhāvarī(विभावरी)
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + bhāvarī
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + bhāvarī.
vibhāvyate(विभाव्यते)
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + bhāvyate
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + bhāvyate.
vimalā(विमला)
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + malā
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + malā.
vināśaṃ(विनाशं)
complete perishing
vi- (“apart, fully”) + nāśa (naś, “to perish”). Complete perishing.
viparītā(विपरीता)
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + parītā
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + parītā.
vipra(विप्र)
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + pra
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + pra.
yadā(यदा)
when
ya- + dā: “at which time, when.”
yaḥ(यः)
who
Nominative singular of yad: “who, which.”
yānti(यान्ति)
going
From gam / yā, “to go.” Goes; they go; having gone; gone; he goes.
yathā(यथा)
as
ya- + thā: “in which way, as.”
yāti(याति)
going
From gam / yā, “to go.” Goes; they go; having gone; gone; he goes.
yatra(यत्र)
where
ya- + tra: “in which place, where.”
yogināṃ(योगिनां)
of the yoked
Genitive plural of yogin (yuj, “to yoke”): of those who are yoked.
yuddhaṃ(युद्धं)
battle
From yudh, “to fight.” Fight; battle. yudhi is locative: in battle.