adhaḥ(अधः)
below
Indeclinable: “below.”
Word senses
Ṣaṣṭha Aṃśa, Prathama Adhyāya · Back to chapter
English lines use these phrases for common nouns. Only names (people, deities, epithets) stay in Sanskrit in the translation.
adhyātmam(अध्यात्मम्)
that which concerns the self
adhi (“over, with respect to”) + ātman (“self, breath”). That which concerns the self.
ādiśet(आदिशेत्)
ā- (“unto, fully”) + diśet
ā- (“unto, fully”) + diśet.
adya(अद्य)
today
Indeclinable: “today.”
ādyaṃ(आद्यं)
ā- (“unto, fully”) + dyaṃ
ā- (“unto, fully”) + dyaṃ.
ādye(आद्ये)
ā- (“unto, fully”) + dye
ā- (“unto, fully”) + dye.
ājaprāyaṃ(आजप्रायं)
ā- (“unto, fully”) + japrāyaṃ
ā- (“unto, fully”) + japrāyaṃ.
ākāśaḥ(आकाशः)
ā- (“unto, fully”) + kāśaḥ
ā- (“unto, fully”) + kāśaḥ.
ālambya(आलम्ब्य)
ā- (“unto, fully”) + lambya
ā- (“unto, fully”) + lambya.
alpam(अल्पम्)
little
alpa: little, small.
apare(अपरे)
others
Nominative plural of apara: “others, the further ones.” a-para, “not the near.”
ārohayet(आरोहयेत्)
ā- (“unto, fully”) + rohayet
ā- (“unto, fully”) + rohayet.
artham(अर्थम्)
aim
artha: aim, meaning, wealth as what is sought. From a root of going-toward. That-for-which.
ātmanaḥ(आत्मनः)
the self
ātman is the self. Related to an, “to breathe”: the breathing one, the inner self of a living being. Not a ghost-soul added from outside; it is the self.
ātmānam(आत्मानम्)
the self
ātman is the self. Related to an, “to breathe”: the breathing one, the inner self of a living being. Not a ghost-soul added from outside; it is the self.
ātmānaṃ(आत्मानं)
the self
ātman is the self. Related to an, “to breathe”: the breathing one, the inner self of a living being. Not a ghost-soul added from outside; it is the self.
ātmani(आत्मनि)
the self
ātman is the self. Related to an, “to breathe”: the breathing one, the inner self of a living being. Not a ghost-soul added from outside; it is the self.
āyur(आयुर्)
ā- (“unto, fully”) + yur
ā- (“unto, fully”) + yur.
balam(बलम्)
strength
bala: strength, force (from bal, “to be strong”).
bhagavān(भगवान्)
the Lord
bhaga (“share, portion, majesty,” from bhaj “to share”) + -vant “possessing.” One who has the share of majesty. The Lord as the one possessed of majesty, not a first name.
bhāva(भाव)
coming-to-be
Inflected from bhāva. From bhū, “to be, to come to be.” Coming-to-be; a state of being.
bhavān(भवान्)
you
Honorific “you” (from bhū, the becoming-one as polite you).
bhāvena(भावेन)
coming-to-be
From bhū: coming-to-be; a state.
brahma(ब्रह्म)
that-which-is-vast (brahman)
Neuter of brahman, from bṛh, “to grow, to swell, to be vast.” It names that which is vast — an entity, not a person. The creator god is a different word, Brahmā (masculine). A brāhmaṇa is a person of that class.
brahman(ब्रह्मन्)
that-which-is-vast (brahman)
Neuter of brahman, from bṛh, “to grow, to swell, to be vast.” It names that which is vast — an entity, not a person. The creator god is a different word, Brahmā (masculine). A brāhmaṇa is a person of that class.
brahmaṇa(ब्रह्मण)
that-which-is-vast (brahman)
Inflected from brahmaṇa. Neuter of brahman, from bṛh, “to grow, to swell, to be vast.” It names that which is vast — an entity, not a person. The creator god is a different word, Brahmā (masculine). A brāhmaṇa is a person of that class.
brahmaṇā(ब्रह्मणा)
that-which-is-vast (brahman)
Neuter of brahman, from bṛh, “to grow, to swell, to be vast.” It names that which is vast — an entity, not a person. The creator god is a different word, Brahmā (masculine). A brāhmaṇa is a person of that class.
brahmaṇi(ब्रह्मणि)
that-which-is-vast (brahman)
Neuter of brahman, from bṛh, “to grow, to swell, to be vast.” It names that which is vast — an entity, not a person. The creator god is a different word, Brahmā (masculine). A brāhmaṇa is a person of that class.
buddhim(बुद्धिम्)
the waking-faculty
Inflected from buddhim. From budh, “to wake, to be awake to.” The waking-faculty; discernment. Not a IQ-word “intelligence.”
cāpa(चाप)
bow
Inflected from cāpa. dhanus: bow. cāpa also bow.
dadāti(ददाति)
gives
From dā, “to give.” Gives; having given; given.
dehī(देही)
the embodied
deha from dih, “to plaster”: the body. dehin is the one who has a body, the embodied.
dehin(देहिन्)
the embodied
Inflected from dehin. deha from dih, “to plaster”: the body. dehin is the one who has a body, the embodied.
dehinaḥ(देहिनः)
the embodied
deha from dih, “to plaster”: the body. dehin is the one who has a body, the embodied.
dehinas(देहिनस्)
the embodied
deha from dih, “to plaster”: the body. dehin is the one who has a body, the embodied.
deva(देव)
shining one
Inflected from deva. From div, “to shine.” A shining one; a god as a shining being, not a generic “God.”
dṛśyate(दृश्यते)
is seen
Passive of dṛś: it is seen.
duḥkha(दुःख)
unease
Inflected from duḥkha. dus- (“ill, hard”) + kha (“space, hole, axle-hole”). Ill-fitting; unease, pain. The opposite of sukha.
durbhikṣakarapīḍābhir(दुर्भिक्षकरपीडाभिर्)
dur- (“ill, hard”) + bhikṣakarapīḍābhir
dur- (“ill, hard”) + bhikṣakarapīḍābhir.
durbodhatvād(दुर्बोधत्वाद्)
dur- (“ill, hard”) + bodhatvād
dur- (“ill, hard”) + bodhatvād.
durbodhatvān(दुर्बोधत्वान्)
dur- (“ill, hard”) + bodhatvān
dur- (“ill, hard”) + bodhatvān.
dvayaṃ(द्वयं)
two
dvi: two. Dual forms “these two.”
dve(द्वे)
two
dvi: two. Dual forms “these two.”
dvija(द्विज)
twice-born
dvi-ja “twice-born.” dvija-uttama: upmost of the twice-born.
dvijottama(द्विजोत्तम)
twice-born
dvi-ja “twice-born.” dvija-uttama: upmost of the twice-born.
eka(एक)
one
Inflected from eka. eka: one. The one, a single.
ekaḥ(एकः)
one
eka: one. The one, a single.
etat(एतत्)
this
Neuter of etad: “this here.” e- + tad.
gacchanti(गच्छन्ति)
going
From gam / yā, “to go.” Goes; they go; having gone; gone; he goes.
gata(गत)
going
Inflected from gata. From gam / yā, “to go.” Goes; they go; having gone; gone; he goes.
gatam(गतम्)
going
From gam / yā, “to go.” Goes; they go; having gone; gone; he goes.
guṇais(गुणैस्)
strands
guṇa: strand, constituent thread of experience.
guṇānāṃ(गुणानां)
strands
guṇa: strand, constituent thread of experience.
icchā(इच्छा)
wishes
From iṣ, “to wish.” Wishes; wish.
icchati(इच्छति)
wishes
From iṣ, “to wish.” Wishes; wish.
idam(इदम्)
this
Neuter of idam: “this” (near).
idaṃ(इदं)
this
Neuter of idam: “this” (near).
jagatpati(जगत्पति)
master of the moving world
Inflected from jagatpati. jagat + pati: master of the moving world.
jāta(जात)
is born
Inflected from jāta. From jan, “to be born.” Is born; born.
jāyate(जायते)
is born
From jan, “to be born.” Is born; born.
jñānam(ज्ञानम्)
knowing
From jñā, “to know.” Knowing; the known-as-knowledge. Not a mystic glow: the act and fruit of knowing.
jñātvā(ज्ञात्वा)
knowing
From jñā, “to know.” Having known; knows; to-be-known.
jñeyaṃ(ज्ञेयं)
knowing
From jñā, “to know.” Having known; knows; to-be-known.
kaścit(कश्चित्)
someone
kas + cid: “someone, anyone.” cid makes the question indefinite.
kim(किम्)
what
Neuter interrogative: “what? why?”
kiṃ(किं)
what
Neuter interrogative: “what? why?”
kriyate(क्रियते)
is done
Passive of kṛ: it is done.
kṛṣṇa(कृष्ण)
Vocative: O Kṛṣṇa
Inflected from kṛṣṇa. kṛṣṇa: dark, black. From kṛṣ, “to draw, to drag,” or as the dark colour. The dark one. Vocative: O Kṛṣṇa.
kṛtsna(कृत्स्न)
the whole
Inflected from kṛtsna. From kṛt, related to cutting/completing: the whole, entire.
loka(लोक)
world
Inflected from loka. From lok / ruc, “to see, to shine.” A seen-world; a realm that appears. Not just “people.”
lokān(लोकान्)
world
From lok, “to see”: a seen-world.
manye(मन्ये)
thinks
From man, “to think.” Thinks; I think; thought.
mat(मत्)
my
Inflected from mat. mad-/mat- from asmad, the “I” stem: my, of me, coming from me.
matta(मत्त)
from me
Inflected from matta. Ablative of asmad: from me.
muhyati(मुह्यति)
is confused
From muh, “to be confused.” Is confused.
munaya(मुनय)
silent thinker
Inflected from munaya. From man, “to think,” or maun “silence.” The thinker / the silent one.
munayaḥ(मुनयः)
silent thinker
From man, “to think,” or maun “silence.” The thinker / the silent one.
naiva(नैव)
not at all
na “not” + eva “just.”
nara(नर)
a man
Inflected from nara. nara: a man, a human being (as mortal person).
naraḥ(नरः)
a man
nara: a man, a human being (as mortal person).
narāḥ(नराः)
a man
nara: a man, a human being (as mortal person).
nibadhyate(निबध्यते)
ni- (“down, in”) + badhyate
ni- (“down, in”) + badhyate.
nibodha(निबोध)
learn
ni-budh, “to wake to, to learn.” Learn! Know!
niḥsattvānām(निःसत्त्वानाम्)
ni- (“down, in”) + ḥsattvānām
ni- (“down, in”) + ḥsattvānām.
nijakarma(निजकर्म)
ni- (“down, in”) + jakarma
ni- (“down, in”) + jakarma.
nirālambaṃ(निरालम्बं)
nir- (“out, without”) + ālambaṃ
nir- (“out, without”) + ālambaṃ.
nirhrīkāṇāṃ(निर्ह्रीकाणां)
nir- (“out, without”) + hrīkāṇāṃ
nir- (“out, without”) + hrīkāṇāṃ.
nirmalaḥ(निर्मलः)
nir- (“out, without”) + malaḥ
nir- (“out, without”) + malaḥ.
nirmalatāṃ(निर्मलतां)
nir- (“out, without”) + malatāṃ
nir- (“out, without”) + malatāṃ.
nirvikalpaṃ(निर्विकल्पं)
nir- (“out, without”) + vikalpaṃ
nir- (“out, without”) + vikalpaṃ.
nityaṃ(नित्यं)
continual
From ni- (“in, own”) + tya: what is in-dwelling, continual, one’s own as constant. Continually-there; not a calendar “eternal.”
paṇḍita(पण्डित)
a learned one
Inflected from paṇḍita. paṇḍita: learned, from a stem of wisdom/heap. One who knows.
param(परम्)
beyond
para: beyond, further, other. As a neuter noun often “what is beyond.”
paraṃ(परं)
beyond
para: beyond, further, other. As a neuter noun often “what is beyond.”
paramaṃ(परमं)
highest
Superlative of para, “beyond, further.” The furthest, the highest.
phalaṃ(फलं)
fruit
Fruit; the produce of a deed (from a root of bursting/ripening). Result as fruit, not a score.
pitā(पिता)
father
pitṛ: father (the protector/nourisher).
prabho(प्रभो)
pra- (“forth, forward”) + bho
pra- (“forth, forward”) + bho.
prabuddhaṃ(प्रबुद्धं)
pra- (“forth, forward”) + buddhaṃ
pra- (“forth, forward”) + buddhaṃ.
pracakṣate(प्रचक्षते)
pra- (“forth, forward”) + cakṣate
pra- (“forth, forward”) + cakṣate.
pradyumno(प्रद्युम्नो)
pra- (“forth, forward”) + dyumno
pra- (“forth, forward”) + dyumno.
prakāśaṃ(प्रकाशं)
pra- (“forth, forward”) + kāśaṃ
pra- (“forth, forward”) + kāśaṃ.
pralaye(प्रलये)
pra- (“forth, forward”) + laye
pra- (“forth, forward”) + laye.
pralīne(प्रलीने)
pra- (“forth, forward”) + līne
pra- (“forth, forward”) + līne.
prāṇo(प्राणो)
forward-breath
pra- (“forth”) + an, “to breathe.” Forward-breath; the breath of life.
prasādaṃ(प्रसादं)
settled-clearness
pra-sad, “to sit forth, to settle.” Settled clearness; grace as a settling-down of favour. Not a temple sweet.
praṣṭum(प्रष्टुम्)
pra- (“forth, forward”) + ṣṭum
pra- (“forth, forward”) + ṣṭum.
prathamo(प्रथमो)
pra- (“forth, forward”) + thamo
pra- (“forth, forward”) + thamo.
praviralo(प्रविरलो)
pra- (“forth, forward”) + viralo
pra- (“forth, forward”) + viralo.
prokta(प्रोक्त)
spoken forth
Inflected from prokta. pra-vac, “to speak forth.” Spoken forth; he has said forth.
proktaṃ(प्रोक्तं)
spoken forth
pra-vac, “to speak forth.” Spoken forth; he has said forth.
punaḥ(पुनः)
again
Adverb: “again, back.”
punar(पुनर्)
again
Adverb: “again, back.”
pūrṇa(पूर्ण)
full
Inflected from pūrṇa. From pṝ, “to fill.” Filled, full.
pūrṇam(पूर्णम्)
full
From pṝ, “to fill.” Filled, full.
puruṣa(पुरुष)
the Person
Inflected from puruṣa. Often analysed as pūr “filling” or pur “citadel” + śī “to lie”: the one who lies in the stronghold (the body). The Person, as against prakṛti the making-forth.
puruṣottamaḥ(पुरुषोत्तमः)
upmost Person
puruṣa + uttama (ud-tama, upmost). O upmost Person.
ṛta(ऋत)
the fitted-true
Inflected from ṛta. ṛta: the fitted, the true course (from ṛ, “to go”). What is right-fitted.
rūpaṃ(रूपं)
form
rūpa: form, outward shape (what is seen). Not “beauty” first.
rūpeṇa(रूपेण)
form
rūpa: form, outward shape (what is seen). Not “beauty” first.
sa(स)
he
Nominative singular masculine of tad: “he, that one.”
sā(सा)
she
Nominative feminine of tad: “she, that.”
sadā(सदा)
always
sa- + dā: “always, at every time.”
saḥ(सः)
he
Nominative singular masculine of tad: “he, that one.”
samās(समास्)
even
Inflected from samās. sama: same, even, equal. Evenness.
samayeṣu(समयेषु)
sam- (“together”) + ayeṣu
sam- (“together”) + ayeṣu.
saṃbādhayed(संबाधयेद्)
saṃ- (“together”) + bādhayed
saṃ- (“together”) + bādhayed.
saṃdhayed(संधयेद्)
saṃ- (“together”) + dhayed
saṃ- (“together”) + dhayed.
śāntyā(शान्त्या)
calm
From śam: calm.
sarva(सर्व)
all
Inflected from sarva. sarva: whole, all. The entire, not a leftover.
sarvaḥ(सर्वः)
all
sarva: whole, all. The entire, not a leftover.
sarvam(सर्वम्)
all
sarva: whole, all. The entire, not a leftover.
sarvaṃ(सर्वं)
all
sarva: whole, all. The entire, not a leftover.
sarvān(सर्वान्)
all
sarva: whole, all. The entire, not a leftover.
sarvasya(सर्वस्य)
all
sarva: whole, all. The entire, not a leftover.
sarvatra(सर्वत्र)
all
sarva: whole, all. The entire, not a leftover.
sarve(सर्वे)
all
Nominative plural of sarva: “all.”
sarveṣu(सर्वेषु)
all
sarva: whole, all. The entire, not a leftover.
satataṃ(सततं)
continuously
From satata: stretched continuously; always.
satyaṃ(सत्यं)
being-true
From sat, “being” (as, “to be”). Being-true; what is as it is.
śrutvā(श्रुत्वा)
hearing
From śru, “to hear.” Hear!; hears; having heard; heard.
śūdra(शूद्र)
a śūdra
Inflected from śūdra. The fourth class; traditionally from śuc/śudh or as the name of that group. The serving class in varṇa-talk.
sūkṣma(सूक्ष्म)
fine
Inflected from sūkṣma. sūkṣma: fine, subtle.
suṣuptipralaye(सुषुप्तिप्रलये)
su- (“well, good”) + ṣuptipralaye
su- (“well, good”) + ṣuptipralaye.
sūta(सूत)
charioteer
Inflected from sūta. sūta: charioteer; also “born.” Sañjaya is addressed as sūta in the frame elsewhere; here often the bard.
suvarṇamaṇiratnādau(सुवर्णमणिरत्नादौ)
su- (“well, good”) + varṇamaṇiratnādau
su- (“well, good”) + varṇamaṇiratnādau.
svayaṃ(स्वयं)
oneself
sva + yam: by oneself; of one’s own accord.
tadā(तदा)
then
ta- + dā: “at that time, then.”
tataḥ(ततः)
then
From tad + tas: “from that, then.”
tatas(ततस्)
then
From tad + tas: “from that, then.”
tathā(तथा)
so
ta- + thā: “in that way, so.”
tathaiva(तथैव)
likewise
tathā + eva: just so, likewise.
tatra(तत्र)
there
ta- + tra: “in that place, there.”
tattvaṃ(तत्त्वं)
that-ness
tad + tva: that-ness; the being-that of a thing. tattvataḥ: from that-ness, in reality as that.
tejas(तेजस्)
sharp-glow
Inflected from tejas. From tij, “to be sharp.” Sharpness, brilliance, the cutting glow.
tiryak(तिर्यक्)
across
Indeclinable: “across, horizontally.”
ucyate(उच्यते)
is called
Passive of vac, “to speak.” It is said; it is called.
vacanaṃ(वचनं)
speech
From vac, “to speak.” Speech; a speaking.
vaiśya(वैश्य)
a vaiśya
Inflected from vaiśya. From viś, “settlement, the people.” One of the settler/producer class.
vāpi(वापि)
or even
vā “or” + api “even.”
varṇa(वर्ण)
colour-class
Inflected from varṇa. From vṛ, “to cover, to choose.” Colour, covering, then class as a covering-name.
vartate(वर्तते)
turns
From vṛt, “to turn.” Turns, goes on. pra-vṛt: turns forth, starts.
vāyu(वायु)
” Wind; the blowing one
Inflected from vāyu. From vā, “to blow.” Wind; the blowing one.
veda(वेद)
knowing (Veda)
From vid, “to know.” Knowing; then the Veda as the knowing-text. The word is “knowing,” not a book-title first.
vedaṃ(वेदं)
veda
From vid, “to know.” Knowledge; the Veda.
vedas(वेदस्)
veda
From vid, “to know.” Knowledge; the Veda.
vede(वेदे)
veda
From vid, “to know.” Knowledge; the Veda.
vibhāvyate(विभाव्यते)
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + bhāvyate
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + bhāvyate.
vicakṣaṇaiḥ(विचक्षणैः)
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + cakṣaṇaiḥ
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + cakṣaṇaiḥ.
viduḥ(विदुः)
know
From vid, “to know” (vetti, viduḥ, viddhi) or “to be found” (vidyate). Knows; they know; is found; know!
vidyā(विद्या)
knowing
Inflected from vidyā. From vid, “to know.” Knowing-as-a-discipline; knowledge that is found.
vidyate(विद्यते)
know
From vid, “to know” (vetti, viduḥ, viddhi) or “to be found” (vidyate). Knows; they know; is found; know!
viṃśatiḥ(विंशतिः)
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + ṃśatiḥ
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + ṃśatiḥ.
viparītā(विपरीता)
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + parītā
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + parītā.
viplavam(विप्लवम्)
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + plavam
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + plavam.
vipra(विप्र)
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + pra
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + pra.
viprarṣabha(विप्रर्षभ)
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + prarṣabha
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + prarṣabha.
vipreṣu(विप्रेषु)
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + preṣu
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + preṣu.
viṣṇu(विष्णु)
The pervading one
Inflected from viṣṇu. From viṣ, “to be active, to pervade.” The pervading one.
vistarād(विस्तराद्)
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + starād
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + starād.
vistareṇa(विस्तरेण)
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + stareṇa
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + stareṇa.
vittahīnaṃ(वित्तहीनं)
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + ttahīnaṃ
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + ttahīnaṃ.
vittavān(वित्तवान्)
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + ttavān
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + ttavān.
vittena(वित्तेन)
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + ttena
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + ttena.
vivāhā(विवाहा)
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + vāhā
vi- (“apart, asunder”) + vāhā.
yadā(यदा)
when
ya- + dā: “at which time, when.”
yajñānām(यज्ञानाम्)
offering
From yaj, “to offer.” The offering.
yasmāt(यस्मात्)
because
Ablative of yad: “from which”; often “because.”
yathā(यथा)
as
ya- + thā: “in which way, as.”
yāti(याति)
going
From gam / yā, “to go.” Goes; they go; having gone; gone; he goes.
yatra(यत्र)
where
ya- + tra: “in which place, where.”
yoga(योग)
yoking
Inflected from yoga. From yuj, “to yoke, to join, to harness.” Yoga is a yoking: a joining of the mind, or a harnessing to a method. Not a vague “practice.”
yogī(योगी)
one who is yoked
From yoga (yuj, “to yoke”) + -in “possessing.” One who is yoked; one who has the yoking.
yoginaḥ(योगिनः)
one who is yoked
From yoga (yuj, “to yoke”) + -in “possessing.” One who is yoked; one who has the yoking.