Standard Translation Chapter 1

धृतराष्ट्र उवाच। धर्मक्षेत्रे कुरुक्षेत्रे समवेता युयुत्सवः। मामकाः पाण्डवाश्चैव किमकुर्वत सञ्जय।

dhṛtarāṣṭra uvāca | dharma-kṣetre kuru-kṣetre samavetā yuyutsavaḥ | māmakāḥ pāṇḍavāś caiva kim akurvata sañjaya ||

[1.1] Dhṛtarāṣṭra said: On the field of dharma, at Kurukṣetra, my people and the Pāṇḍavas have assembled, eager to fight. What did they do, Sañjaya?

Word make-up

dhṛtarāṣṭra (धृतराष्ट्र): dhṛta (held, from dhṛ “to hold”) + rāṣṭra (kingdom). He whose kingdom is held: Dhṛtarāṣṭra, the blind king of the Kurus.
uvāca (उवाच): Perfect of vac, “to speak.” He said.
dharma-kṣetre (धर्म-क्षेत्रे): dharma (from dhṛ, “to hold, to bear.” What holds a thing in its way: the holding-law, dharma) + kṣetre (from kṣi, “to dwell.” A field, a place of dwelling). Together: on the field of dharma.
kuru-kṣetre (कुरु-क्षेत्रे): kuru (the Kuru people) + kṣetra (from kṣi, “to dwell”: a field). On the Kuru-field: Kurukṣetra.
samavetāḥ (समवेताः): sam-ava-i, past. Assembled; come down together.
yuyutsavaḥ (युयुत्सवः): desiderative of yudh, “to fight,” + -u. Those eager to fight; wishing-to-fight ones.
māmakāḥ (मामकाः): mamaka, from mama, “of me.” My people; those who are mine.
pāṇḍavāḥ (पाण्डवाः): Descendants of Pāṇḍu (pāṇḍu “pale”). The pale-king’s sons.
ca eva (च एव): ca, “and.” eva, “just so; also.” And also; and indeed.
kim (किम्): kim, “what? why?”.
akurvata (अकुर्वत): Imperfect middle of kṛ: they did.
sañjaya (सञ्जय): sam- (“together”) + jaya (from ji, “to conquer”). Complete victory; Sañjaya, Dhṛtarāṣṭra’s bard and seer.

सञ्जय उवाच। दृष्ट्वा तु पाण्डवानीकं व्यूढं दुर्योधनस्तदा। आचार्यमुपसंगम्य राजा वचनमब्रवीत्।

sañjaya uvāca | dṛṣṭvā tu pāṇḍavānīkaṃ vyūḍhaṃ duryodhanas tadā | ācāryam upasaṅgamya rājā vacanam abravīt ||

[1.2] Sañjaya said: Then, seeing the Pāṇḍava army drawn up in array, King Duryodhana approached the teacher and spoke.

Word make-up

sañjaya (सञ्जय): sam- (“together”) + jaya (from ji, “to conquer”). Complete victory; Sañjaya, Dhṛtarāṣṭra’s bard and seer.
uvāca (उवाच): Perfect of vac, “to speak.” He said.
dṛṣṭvā (दृष्ट्वा): Gerund of dṛś, “to see.” Having seen.
tu (तु): But; then. A slight turn.
pāṇḍava-anīkam (पाण्डव-अनीकम्): pāṇḍava (O son of Pāṇḍu) + anīkam (anīka, “face, army, array.” A host facing the foe). Together: the Pāṇḍava army.
vyūḍham (व्यूढम्): from vi-ūh, “to push apart, to array.” Drawn up in array.
duryodhanaḥ (दुर्योधनः): dur- (“hard, ill”) + yodhana (from yudh, “to fight”). Hard to fight; Duryodhana, eldest of Dhṛtarāṣṭra’s sons.
tadā (तदा): tadā, “then; at that time.”.
ācāryam (आचार्यम्): from ā-car, “to go toward, to practice.” One who practices and leads in practice; a teacher. Here: the teacher.
upasaṅgamya (उपसङ्गम्य): upa-sam-gam, gerund. Having approached.
rājā (राजा): from rāj, “to shine, to rule.” A king.
vacanam (वचनम्): from vac, “to speak.” Speech; a saying.
abravīt (अब्रवीत्): Imperfect of brū, “to speak.” He spoke.

पश्यैतां पाण्डुपुत्राणामाचार्य महतीं चमूम्। व्यूढां द्रुपदपुत्रेण तव शिष्येण धीमता।

paśyaitāṃ pāṇḍu-putrāṇām ācārya mahatīṃ camūm | vyūḍhāṃ drupada-putreṇa tava śiṣyeṇa dhīmatā ||

[1.3] Look, O teacher, at this great army of the sons of Pāṇḍu, arrayed by your intelligent disciple, the son of Drupada.

Word make-up

paśya (पश्य): Imperative of dṛś/paś, “to see.” Look.
etām (एताम्): etām, “this (feminine).”.
pāṇḍu-putrāṇām (पाण्डु-पुत्राणाम्): pāṇḍu (pāṇḍu, “pale, white.” Pāṇḍu, father of the five) + putrāṇām (putra, “son.”). Together: of the sons of Pāṇḍu.
ācārya (आचार्य): from ā-car, “to go toward, to practice.” One who practices and leads in practice; a teacher.
mahatīm (महतीम्): Feminine accusative of mahat, from mah, “to be great.” Great; the large (army).
camūm (चमूम्): camū, “army, host.” Accusative. A battle-host.
vyūḍhām (व्यूढाम्): from vi-ūh, “to push apart, to array.” Drawn up in array. Here: arrayed.
drupada-putreṇa (द्रुपद-पुत्रेण): drupada (dru (“wood, tree”) + pada, a name) + putreṇa. Together: by the son of Drupada.
tava (तव): tava, “your; of you.”.
śiṣyeṇa (शिष्येण): Instrumental of śiṣya, from śās, “to instruct.” By the student; by the one to be instructed.
dhīmatā (धीमता): dhī (“thought, insight”) + -mat (“having”). Possessed of insight; intelligent.

अत्र शूरा महेष्वासा भीमार्जुनसमा युधि। युयुधानो विराटश्च द्रुपदश्च महारथः।

atra śūrā maheṣvāsā bhīmārjuna-samā yudhi | yuyudhāno virāṭaś ca drupadaś ca mahā-rathaḥ ||

[1.4] Here are heroes, great bowmen, equal to Bhīma and Arjuna in battle: Yuyudhāna, Virāṭa, and Drupada, the great chariot-warrior.

Word make-up

atra (अत्र): atra, “here.”.
śūrāḥ (शूराः): śūra, “hero, the brave.”. Here: heroes.
mahā-iṣvāsāḥ (महा-इष्वासाः): mahā (mahat, from mah, “to be great.” Great; the large) + iṣvāsāḥ. Together: great archers.
bhīma-arjuna-samāḥ (भीम-अर्जुन-समाः): bhīma (from bhī, “to fear.” The terrible; Bhīma, second of the Pāṇḍavas) + arjuna (from ṛj/arjuna, “white, straight, silver.” The fair, straight one: Arjuna) + samāḥ (sama, “even, same, equal.”). Together: equal to Bhīma and Arjuna.
yudhi (युधि): from yudh, “to fight.” Battle. Here: in battle.
yuyudhānaḥ (युयुधानः): Intensive/name from yudh, “to fight.” Yuyudhāna (Sātyaki), whose name is of fighting.
virāṭaḥ (विराटः): vi-rāj, “to shine forth.” Virāṭa, the king who shines forth.
ca (च): And.
drupadaḥ (द्रुपदः): Drupada, king of the Pañcālas; a name of the wooden-seat/tree-sign.
mahā-rathaḥ (महा-रथः): mahā (mahat, from mah, “to be great.” Great; the large) + rathaḥ (from ram/ṛ, related to “going.” A chariot). Together: great chariot-warrior.

धृष्टकेतुश्चेकितानः काशिराजश्च वीर्यवान्। पुरुजित्कुन्तिभोजश्च शैब्यश्च नरपुंगवः।

dhṛṣṭaketuś cekitānaḥ kāśirājaś ca vīryavān | purujit kuntibhojaś ca śaibyaś ca nara-puṅgavaḥ ||

[1.5] Dhṛṣṭaketu, Cekitāna, the powerful king of Kāśi, Purujit, Kuntibhoja, and Śaibya, a bull among men.

Word make-up

dhṛṣṭaketuḥ (धृष्टकेतुः): dhṛṣṭa (from dhṛṣ, “to dare”: bold) + ketu (“banner”). Bold-banner: Dhṛṣṭaketu.
cekitānaḥ (चेकितानः): from cit, “to notice.” Cekitāna, the attentive one.
kāśirājaḥ (काशिराजः): kāśi (the shining city) + rājan (from rāj, “to shine, to rule”). The king of Kāśi.
ca (च): And.
vīryavān (वीर्यवान्): vīrya (from vīra, “heroic force”) + -vat (“having”). Possessed of heroic force. Here: powerful.
purujit (पुरुजित्): puru (“much”) + jit (from ji, “to conquer”). Conqueror of many: Purujit.
kuntibhojaḥ (कुन्तिभोजः): Kuntī + bhoja (bhuj, “to enjoy, to rule”). Kuntibhoja, who raised Kuntī.
śaibyaḥ (शैब्यः): Descendant of Śibi. The man Śaibya.
nara-puṅgavaḥ (नर-पुङ्गवः): nara (nara, “man, person.” A human) + puṅgavaḥ. Together: a bull among men.

युधामन्युश्च विक्रान्त उत्तमौजाश्च वीर्यवान्। सौभद्रो द्रौपदेयाश्च सर्व एव महारथाः।

yudhāmanyuś ca vikrānta uttamaujāś ca vīryavān | saubhadro draupadeyāś ca sarva eva mahā-rathāḥ ||

[1.6] The valiant Yudhāmanyu, the powerful Uttamaujas, the son of Subhadrā, and the sons of Draupadī: all of them great chariot-warriors.

Word make-up

yudhāmanyuḥ (युधामन्युः): yudhā (“by battle”) + manyu (“ardour”). Battle-ardour: Yudhāmanyu.
ca (च): And.
vikrāntaḥ (विक्रान्तः): vi- + kram, “to step.” One who has stepped forth; valiant.
uttamaujāḥ (उत्तमौजाः): uttama (“highest”) + ojas (“force”). Highest-force: Uttamaujas.
vīryavān (वीर्यवान्): vīrya (from vīra, “heroic force”) + -vat (“having”). Possessed of heroic force. Here: powerful.
saubhadraḥ (सौभद्रः): Son of Subhadrā (Abhimanyu).
draupadeyāḥ (द्रौपदेयाः): Daughter of Drupada; draupadeyāḥ are her sons.
sarve eva (सर्वे एव): Nominative plural of sarva: “all.” Particle of restriction or emphasis: “only, just, indeed.”
mahā-rathāḥ (महा-रथाः): mahā (mahat, from mah, “to be great.” Great; the large) + rathāḥ (from ram/ṛ, related to “going.” A chariot). Together: great chariot-warriors.

अस्माकं तु विशिष्टा ये तान्निबोध द्विजोत्तम। नायका मम सैन्यस्य संज्ञार्थं तान्ब्रवीमि ते।

asmākaṃ tu viśiṣṭā ye tān nibodha dvijottama | nāyakā mama sainyasya saṃjñārthaṃ tān bravīmi te ||

[1.7] But know, O best of the twice-born, those who are distinguished among us. I name for you the leaders of my army, so that you may know them.

Word make-up

asmākam (अस्माकम्): asmākam, “of us; our.”.
tu (तु): But; then. A slight turn.
viśiṣṭāḥ (विशिष्टाः): vi- + śiṣ, “to leave, to distinguish.” Distinguished; set apart as excellent. Here: the distinguished.
ye (ये): ye, “who (plural).”.
tān (तान्): tān, accusative plural: “them.”.
nibodha (निबोध): ni- + budh, imperative. Know; wake to this.
dvija-uttama (द्विज-उत्तम): dvija (“twice-born,” dvi + jan) + uttama (“highest”). O best of the twice-born.
nāyakāḥ (नायकाः): from nī, “to lead.” A leader. Here: leaders.
mama (मम): mama, “of me; my.”.
sainyasya (सैन्यस्य): from senā, “army.” Belonging to the army. Here: of the army.
saṃjñā-artham (संज्ञा-अर्थम्): saṃjñā + artham (from ṛ, “to go toward.” Aim; meaning; wealth as what is gone-toward). Together: so you may know them.
tān (तान्): tān, accusative plural: “them.”.
bravīmi (ब्रवीमि): Present of brū, “to speak.” I tell; I speak.
te (ते): te, enclitic: “your, to you, of you.” Also nominative plural “they” in some verses.

भवान्भीष्मश्च कर्णश्च कृपश्च समितिञ्जयः। अश्वत्थामा विकर्णश्च सौमदत्तिस्तथैव च।

bhavān bhīṣmaś ca karṇaś ca kṛpaś ca samitiñjayaḥ | aśvatthāmā vikarṇaś ca saumadattis tathaiva ca ||

[1.8] You yourself, Bhīṣma, Karṇa, and Kṛpa, always victorious in battle; Aśvatthāman, Vikarṇa, and the son of Somadatta likewise.

Word make-up

bhavān (भवान्): bhava, imperative of bhū: “become; be.”. Here: you.
bhīṣmaḥ (भीष्मः): From bhīṣ, “to terrify.” The terrible (by vow). The Kuru grandfather.
ca (च): And.
karṇaḥ (कर्णः): karṇa: ear. Born with earrings (kuṇḍala), named from the ear. The chariot-warrior.
kṛpaḥ (कृपः): Kṛpa, the ācārya; the name related to kṛpā, “pity.”
samitiṃ-jayaḥ (समितिं-जयः): samitiṃ + jayaḥ (from ji, “to conquer.” Victory). Together: victorious in assembly.
aśvatthāmā (अश्वत्थामा): aśvattha (the fig-tree that “stands for horses”) + a lingering suffix. Aśvatthāman, Droṇa’s son.
vikarṇaḥ (विकर्णः): vi- + karṇa (“ear”). Vikarṇa, a son of Dhṛtarāṣṭra.
saumadattiḥ (सौमदत्तिः): sauma-datti: son of Somadatta (soma, “pressed juice of the moon-plant” + datta, from dā, “to give”). The Saumadatti.
tathā eva ca (तथा एव च): tathā, “so.” eva, “just.” ca, “and.” And likewise.

अन्ये च बहवः शूरा मदर्थे त्यक्तजीविताः। नानाशस्त्रप्रहरणाः सर्वे युद्धविशारदाः।

anye ca bahavaḥ śūrā mad-arthe tyakta-jīvitāḥ | nānā-śastra-praharaṇāḥ sarve yuddha-viśāradāḥ ||

[1.9] And many other heroes, who have given up their lives for my sake, armed with many kinds of weapons, all skilled in war.

Word make-up

anye (अन्ये): anye, “others.”.
ca (च): And.
bahavaḥ (बहवः): bahavaḥ, “many.”.
śūrāḥ (शूराः): śūra, “hero, the brave.”. Here: heroes.
mad-arthe (मद्-अर्थे): mad + arthe (from ṛ, “to go toward.” Aim; meaning; wealth as what is gone-toward). Together: for my sake.
tyakta-jīvitāḥ (त्यक्त-जीविताः): tyakta (Past participle of tyaj) + jīvitāḥ. Together: who have given up their lives.
nānā-śastra-praharaṇāḥ (नाना-शस्त्र-प्रहरणाः): nānā (nānā, “various; of many kinds.”) + śastra (from śas, “to cut.” A weapon that cuts) + praharaṇāḥ. Together: armed with many kinds of weapons.
sarve (सर्वे): sarve, “all (masculine plural).”.
yuddha-viśāradāḥ (युद्ध-विशारदाः): yuddha (from yudh, “to fight.” Battle) + viśāradāḥ. Together: skilled in war.

अपर्याप्तं तदस्माकं बलं भीष्माभिरक्षितम्। पर्याप्तं त्विदमेतेषां बलं भीमाभिरक्षितम्।

aparyāptaṃ tad asmākaṃ balaṃ bhīṣmābhirakṣitam | paryāptaṃ tv idam eteṣāṃ balaṃ bhīmābhirakṣitam ||

[1.10] That force of ours, guarded by Bhīṣma, is without limit; this force of theirs, guarded by Bhīma, is limited.

Word make-up

aparyāptam (अपर्याप्तम्): a- (“not”) + paryāpta (pari-āp, “to reach”). Not limited; not merely adequate. Here: unlimited.
tat (तत्): tad, “that.”.
asmākam (अस्माकम्): asmākam, “of us; our.”.
balam (बलम्): from bal, “to be strong.” Force; strength.
bhīṣma-abhirakṣitam (भीष्म-अभिरक्षितम्): bhīṣma (from bhīṣ, “to terrify,” or the vow that made him terrible) + abhirakṣitam (abhi- + rakṣ, past). Together: guarded by Bhīṣma.
paryāptam (पर्याप्तम्): pari- + āp, “to reach.” Adequate, limited to what is reached; sufficient.
tu (तु): But; then. A slight turn.
idam (इदम्): idam, “this.”.
eteṣām (एतेषाम्): eteṣām, “of these.”.
balam (बलम्): from bal, “to be strong.” Force; strength.
bhīma-abhirakṣitam (भीम-अभिरक्षितम्): bhīma (from bhī, “to fear.” The terrible; Bhīma, second of the Pāṇḍavas) + abhirakṣitam (abhi- + rakṣ, past). Together: guarded by Bhīma.

अयनेषु च सर्वेषु यथाभागमवस्थिताः। भीष्ममेवाभिरक्षन्तु भवन्तः सर्व एव हि।

ayaneṣu ca sarveṣu yathā-bhāgam avasthitāḥ | bhīṣmam evābhirakṣantu bhavantaḥ sarva eva hi ||

[1.11] And stationed at every approach, each in his own place, you must all guard Bhīṣma.

Word make-up

ayaneṣu (अयनेषु): from i, “to go.” A going; an approach; a path of movement. Here: at the approaches.
ca (च): And.
sarveṣu (सर्वेषु): sarveṣu, “in all; among all.”.
yathā-bhāgam (यथा-भागम्): yathā (yathā, “as.”) + bhāgam (from bhaj, “to share.” A share; a portion). Together: each in his own place.
avasthitāḥ (अवस्थिताः): ava- (“down, off”) joined to sthitāḥ. From sthā, “to stand.” Standing-place; stood; having stood; stands. Together the form means ava + that sense.
bhīṣmam (भीष्मम्): Inflected from bhīṣma. From bhīṣ, “to terrify.” The terrible (by vow). The Kuru grandfather.
eva (एव): Just so; indeed; only. Emphatic.
abhirakṣantu (अभिरक्षन्तु): abhi- + rakṣ, imperative. Must guard; let them guard.
bhavantaḥ (भवन्तः): bhavanti, “they come to be.”. Here: you.
sarve eva hi (सर्वे एव हि): sarve, “all.” eva, “indeed.” hi, “for.” All of you indeed.

तस्य सञ्जनयन्हर्षं कुरुवृद्धः पितामहः। सिंहनादं विनद्योच्चैः शङ्खं दध्मौ प्रतापवान्।

tasya sañjanayan harṣaṃ kuru-vṛddhaḥ pitāmahaḥ | siṃha-nādaṃ vinadyoccaiḥ śaṅkhaṃ dadhmau pratāpavān ||

[1.12] Then the mighty grandfather, elder of the Kurus, filling him with joy, sounded a lion’s roar and blew his conch loudly.

Word make-up

tasya (तस्य): tasya, “of him; of that.”.
sañjanayan (सञ्जनयन्): sam- + jan, causative participle. Producing; making arise.
harṣam (हर्षम्): from hṛṣ, “to bristle, to be glad.” Joy as a bristling-up.
kuru-vṛddhaḥ (कुरु-वृद्धः): kuru (the Kuru people) + vṛddha (from vṛdh, “to grow”: an elder). The elder of the Kurus.
pitāmahaḥ (पितामहः): pitṛ (“father”) + maha (“great”). The great-father; grandfather. Here: the grandfather.
siṃha-nādam (सिंह-नादम्): siṃha (siṃha, “lion.”) + nādam (from nad, “to sound.” A roar; a sounding). Together: a lion’s roar.
vinadya (विनद्य): vi- + nad, gerund. Having sounded; roaring.
uccaiḥ (उच्चैः): uccaiḥ, “on high, loudly.” High, as of a raised sound.
śaṅkham (शङ्खम्): śaṅkha, “conch.” The sounding shell.
dadhmau (दध्मौ): Perfect of dham, “to blow.” He blew.
pratāpavān (प्रतापवान्): pra-tap, “to heat forth” + -vat. Possessed of burning might. Here: the mighty one.

ततः शङ्खाश्च भेर्यश्च पणवानकगोमुखाः। सहसैवाभ्यहन्यन्त स शब्दस्तुमुलोऽभवत्।

tataḥ śaṅkhāś ca bheryaś ca paṇavānaka-gomukhāḥ | sahasaivābhyahanyanta sa śabdas tumulo 'bhavat ||

[1.13] Then conches, kettledrums, tabors, drums, and horns were all struck at once, and the sound became a tumult.

Word make-up

tataḥ (ततः): tataḥ, “from that; then.”.
śaṅkhāḥ (शङ्खाः): śaṅkha, “conch.” The sounding shell. Here: conches.
ca (च): And.
bheryaḥ (भेर्यः): bherī, “kettledrum.” Nominative plural. War-drums.
paṇava-ānaka-gomukhāḥ (पणव-आनक-गोमुखाः): paṇava (paṇava, “a small drum, tabor.”) + ānaka (ānaka, “a large drum.”) + gomukhāḥ (go (“cow”) + mukha (“mouth”)). Together: tabors, drums, and horns.
sahasā eva (सहसा एव): sahasā, “all at once; suddenly.”. Just so; indeed; only. Emphatic. Together: all at once.
abhyahanyanta (अभ्यहन्यन्त): abhi- + han, imperfect passive. Were struck.
saḥ (सः): saḥ, “he; that one.”.
śabdaḥ (शब्दः): from śabd, “to sound.” Sound; a word as sound.
tumulaḥ (तुमुलः): tumula, “tumult, uproar.” A confused roar. Here: tumultuous.
abhavat (अभवत्): a- (“not”) + bhavat. Here: Imperfect of bhū. Became..

ततः श्वेतैर्हयैर्युक्ते महति स्यन्दने स्थितौ। माधवः पाण्डवश्चैव दिव्यौ शङ्खौ प्रदध्मतुः।

tataḥ śvetair hayair yukte mahati syandane sthitau | mādhavaḥ pāṇḍavaś caiva divyau śaṅkhau pradadhmatuḥ ||

[1.14] Then, standing in the great chariot yoked with white horses, Mādhava and the son of Pāṇḍu blew their divine conches.

Word make-up

tataḥ (ततः): tataḥ, “from that; then.”.
śvetaiḥ (श्वेतैः): śveta, “white.”.
hayaiḥ (हयैः): haya, “horse.”. Here: with horses.
yukte (युक्ते): Inflected from yukta. From yuj, “to yoke, to join.” Is yoked; yoked; having yoked.
mahati (महति): mahat, from mah, “to be great.” Great; the large.
syandane (स्यन्दने): from syand, “to flow, to rush.” A chariot as a rushing-thing.
sthitau (स्थितौ): Inflected from sthita. From sthā, “to stand.” Standing-place; stood; having stood; stands.
mādhavaḥ (माधवः): Descendant of Madhu (the Yadu line); or mā (Lakṣmī) + dhava (“man, husband”). A name of Kṛṣṇa.
pāṇḍavaḥ (पाण्डवः): a son of Pāṇḍu (pāṇḍu, “pale”).
ca eva (च एव): ca, “and.” eva, “just so; also.” And also; and indeed.
divyau (दिव्यौ): Dual of divya, from div, “to shine.” Two divine (conches); of the shining sky.
śaṅkhau (शङ्खौ): śaṅkha, “conch.” The sounding shell. Here: two conches.
pradadhmatuḥ (प्रदध्मतुः): pra- + dham, dual perfect. The two blew forth.

पाञ्चजन्यं हृषीकेशो देवदत्तं धनञ्जयः। पौण्ड्रं दध्मौ महाशङ्खं भीमकर्मा वृकोदरः।

pāñcajanyaṃ hṛṣīkeśo devadattaṃ dhanañjayaḥ | pauṇḍraṃ dadhmau mahā-śaṅkhaṃ bhīma-karmā vṛkodaraḥ ||

[1.15] Hṛṣīkeśa blew Pāñcajanya; Dhanañjaya blew Devadatta; and Vṛkodara, of terrible karma, blew the great conch Pauṇḍra.

Word make-up

pāñcajanyam (पाञ्चजन्यम्): pañca (“five”) + jana (“people”), a conch taken from the being Pañcajana. Pāñcajanya, Kṛṣṇa’s conch.
hṛṣīkeśaḥ (हृषीकेशः): hṛṣīka (“sense-power”) + īśa (“master”). Master of the sense-powers. A name of Kṛṣṇa.
devadattam (देवदत्तम्): deva (“shining one”) + datta (from dā, “to give”: given). God-given: Devadatta, Arjuna’s conch.
dhanañjayaḥ (धनञ्जयः): dhana (“wealth”) + jaya (ji, “to conquer”). Winner of wealth. A name of Arjuna.
pauṇḍram (पौण्ड्रम्): Pauṇḍra, the great conch of Bhīma, named from the Puṇḍra country.
dadhmau (दध्मौ): Perfect of dham, “to blow.” He blew.
mahā-śaṅkham (महा-शङ्खम्): mahā (mahat, from mah, “to be great.” Great; the large) + śaṅkham (śaṅkha, “conch.” The sounding shell). Together: the great conch.
bhīma-karmā (भीम-कर्मा): bhīma (from bhī, “to fear.” The terrible; Bhīma, second of the Pāṇḍavas) + karmā (from kṛ, “to do.” The deed; action as what is done). Together: of terrible deeds.
vṛka-udaraḥ (वृक-उदरः): vṛka (“wolf”) + udara (“belly”). Wolf-belly: Bhīma.

अनन्तविजयं राजा कुन्तीपुत्रो युधिष्ठिरः। नकुलः सहदेवश्च सुघोषमणिपुष्पकौ।

anantavijayaṃ rājā kuntī-putro yudhiṣṭhiraḥ | nakulaḥ sahadevaśca sughoṣa-maṇipuṣpakau ||

[1.16] King Yudhiṣṭhira, son of Kuntī, blew Anantavijaya; Nakula and Sahadeva blew Sughoṣa and Maṇipuṣpaka.

Word make-up

ananta-vijayam (अनन्त-विजयम्): Compound. ananta: a- + anta: without end. vijayam: vi- (“apart, asunder”) + jayam.
rājā (राजा): From rāj, “to shine, to rule.” The shining ruler; a king.
kuntī-putraḥ (कुन्ती-पुत्रः): Compound. kuntī: Kuntī, mother of the three elder Pāṇḍavas. Also called Pṛthā. putraḥ: putraḥ is used as a grammatical form in this verse. Here: son of Kunti.
yudhiṣṭhiraḥ (युधिष्ठिरः): yudhi (locative of yudh, “battle”) + sthira (sthā, “to stand”). Steady in battle.
nakulaḥ (नकुलः): Here: Nakul. Here: Nakul.
sahadevaśca (सहदेवश्च): sahadevaśca is used as a grammatical form in this verse.
sughoṣa-maṇipuṣpakau (सुघोष-मणिपुष्पकौ): Compound. sughoṣa: su- (“well, good”) + ghoṣa. maṇipuṣpakau: maṇipuṣpakau is used as a grammatical form in this verse. Here: the conche shells named Sughosh and Manipushpak.

काश्यश्च परमेष्वासः शिखण्डी च महारथः। धृष्टद्युम्नो विराटश्च सात्यकिश्चापराजितः।

kāśyaśca parameṣvāsaḥ śikhaṇḍī ca mahā-rathaḥ | dhṛṣṭadyumno virāṭaśca sātyakiś cāparājitaḥ ||

[1.17] And the king of Kāśī, the great bowman, and Śikhaṇḍī the great chariot-warrior, Dhṛṣṭadyumna, Virāṭa, and Sātyaki who is not defeated;

Word make-up

kāśyaśca (काश्यश्च): kāśyaśca is used as a grammatical form in this verse.
parameṣvāsaḥ (परमेष्वासः): The core matches the root ram, “to rest, to delight.”
śikhaṇḍī (शिखण्डी): Here: Shikhandi. Here: Shikhandi.
ca (च): Enclitic particle: “and, also.”
mahā-rathaḥ (महा-रथः): Compound. mahā: mahā, from mahat (mah, “to be great”). Great. rathaḥ: ratha: chariot, the going-vehicle (from ram/ṛ “to go”).
dhṛṣṭadyumnaḥ (धृष्टद्युम्नः): The core matches the root dhṛ, “to hold.” Here: Dhrishtadyumna.
virāṭaśca (विराटश्च): vi- (“apart, asunder”) + rāṭaśca.
sātyakiś (सात्यकिश्): sātyakiś is used as a grammatical form in this verse.
cāparājitaḥ (चापराजितः): The core matches the root rāj, “to shine, to rule.”

द्रुपदो द्रौपदेयाश्च सर्वशः पृथिवीपते। सौभद्रश्च महाबाहुः शङ्खान्दध्मुः पृथक्पृथक्।

drupado draupadeyāśca sarvaśaḥ pṛthivī-pate | saubhadraśca mahā-bāhuḥ śaṅkhāndadhmuḥ pṛthak pṛthak ||

[1.18] Drupada and the sons of Draupadī, and the great-armed son of Subhadrā, O lord of the earth, all blew their conches, each apart.

Word make-up

drupadaḥ (द्रुपदः): Drupada, king of Pañcāla. drupada-putra: son of Drupada (Dhr̥ṣṭadyumna).
draupadeyāśca (द्रौपदेयाश्च): The core matches the root pad, “to go, to fall.”
sarvaśaḥ (सर्वशः): sarva: whole, all. The entire, not a leftover. Here: all.
pṛthivī-pate (पृथिवी-पते): Compound. pṛthivī: pṛthivī is used as a grammatical form in this verse. pate: The core matches the root pat, “to fall.” Here: Ruler of the earth.
saubhadraśca (सौभद्रश्च): saubhadraśca is used as a grammatical form in this verse.
mahā-bāhuḥ (महा-बाहुः): Compound. mahā: mahā, from mahat (mah, “to be great”). Great. bāhuḥ: bāhu: arm.
śaṅkhāndadhmuḥ (शङ्खान्दध्मुः): śaṅkhāndadhmuḥ is used as a grammatical form in this verse.
pṛthak (पृथक्): Indeclinable: “apart, separately.”
pṛthak (पृथक्): Indeclinable: “apart, separately.”

स घोषो धार्तराष्ट्राणां हृदयानि व्यदारयत्। नभश्च पृथिवीं चैव तुमुलोऽभ्यनुनादयन्।

sa ghoṣo dhārtarāṣṭrāṇāṃ hṛdayāni vyadārayat | nabhaś ca pṛthivīṃ caiva tumulo 'bhyanunādayan ||

[1.19] That roar tore the hearts of the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra, a tumult making sky and earth resound.

Word make-up

saḥ (सः): saḥ, “he; that one.”.
ghoṣaḥ (घोषः): from ghuṣ, “to sound aloud.” A roar; a loud sounding.
dhārtarāṣṭrāṇām (धार्तराष्ट्राणाम्): descendant of Dhṛtarāṣṭra (dhṛta “held,” from dhṛ + rāṣṭra “kingdom”). A son of him whose kingdom is held. Here: of the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra.
hṛdayāni (हृदयानि): hṛd, “heart.” The heart as the inner place. Here: hearts.
vyadārayat (व्यदारयत्): vi- + dṝ, “to tear.” It tore apart.
nabhaḥ (नभः): nabhas, “sky, cloud-space.”.
ca (च): And.
pṛthivīm (पृथिवीम्): Accusative of pṛthivī, from pṛthu, “broad.” The broad earth.
ca eva (च एव): ca, “and.” eva, “just so; also.” And also; and indeed.
tumulaḥ (तुमुलः): tumula, “tumult, uproar.” A confused roar. Here: tumultuous.
abhyanunādayan (अभ्यनुनादयन्): abhi-anu-nad, “to sound along toward.” Making resound; a participle of causing echo.

अथ व्यवस्थितान्दृष्ट्वा धार्तराष्ट्रान् कपिध्वजः। प्रवृत्ते शस्त्रसम्पाते धनुरुद्यम्य पाण्डवः। हृषीकेशं तदा वाक्यमिदमाह महीपते।

atha vyavasthitān dṛṣṭvā dhārtarāṣṭrān kapi-dhvajaḥ | pravṛtte śastra-sampāte dhanur udyamya pāṇḍavaḥ | hṛṣīkeśaṃ tadā vākyam idam āha mahīpate ||

[1.20] Then, seeing the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra arrayed, the monkey-bannered son of Pāṇḍu raised his bow as the clash of weapons began, and said this to Hṛṣīkeśa, O lord of the earth.

Word make-up

atha (अथ): Then; now. A starting-particle.
vyavasthitān (व्यवस्थितान्): vi-ava-sthā. Arrayed; stationed apart.
dṛṣṭvā (दृष्ट्वा): Gerund of dṛś, “to see.” Having seen.
dhārtarāṣṭrān (धार्तराष्ट्रान्): descendant of Dhṛtarāṣṭra (dhṛta “held,” from dhṛ + rāṣṭra “kingdom”). A son of him whose kingdom is held. Here: the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra.
kapi-dhvajaḥ (कपि-ध्वजः): kapi (kapi, “monkey.”) + dhvajaḥ (dhvaja, “banner, standard.”). Together: he whose banner is the monkey.
pravṛtte (प्रवृत्ते): pra- + vṛt, “to turn.” Set going; begun as a turning-forth. Here: as it began.
śastra-sampāte (शस्त्र-सम्पाते): śastra (from śas, “to cut.” A weapon that cuts) + sampāte. Together: the clash of weapons.
dhanuḥ (धनुः): dhanus, “bow.”.
udyamya (उद्यम्य): ud- + yam, gerund. Having raised.
pāṇḍavaḥ (पाण्डवः): a son of Pāṇḍu (pāṇḍu, “pale”).
hṛṣīkeśam (हृषीकेशम्): Inflected from hṛṣīkeśa. hṛṣīka (“sense-power”) + īśa (“master”). Master of the sense-powers. A name of Kṛṣṇa.
tadā (तदा): tadā, “then; at that time.”.
vākyam (वाक्यम्): from vac, “to speak.” Speech; a spoken thing.
idam (इदम्): idam, “this.”.
āha (आह): Perfect of ah, “to say.” He said.
mahīpate (महीपते): mahī (“earth”) + pati (“lord”). O lord of the earth.

अर्जुन उवाच। हृषीकेशं तदा वाक्यमिदमाह महीपते। सेनयोरुभयोर्मध्ये रथं स्थापय मेऽच्युत।

arjuna uvāca | senayor ubhayor madhye rathaṃ sthāpaya me 'cyuta ||

[1.21] Arjuna said: Place my chariot between the two armies, O Acyuta,

Word make-up

arjunaḥ (अर्जुनः): arjuna: white, silvery, clear. From a root of brightness (raj/arg). The Pāṇḍava named for that brightness. Vocative arjuna: O Arjuna.
uvāca (उवाच): Perfect of vac, “to speak.” He said.
senayor (सेनयोर्): senayor is used as a grammatical form in this verse.
ubhayor (उभयोर्): ubhayor is used as a grammatical form in this verse.
madhye (मध्ये): madhya: middle. Here: in the middle.
ratham (रथम्): ratha: chariot, the going-vehicle (from ram/ṛ “to go”).
sthāpaya (स्थापय): The core matches the root sthā, “to stand.” Here: place.
me (मे): Enclitic of asmad: “my / to me / by me,” from the stem asmad “I.”
acyuta (अच्युत): a- (“not”) + cyuta (cyu, “to fall, to drop”). Unfallen; he who does not fall away.

यावदेतान्निरीक्षेऽहं योद्धुकामानवस्थितान्। कैर्मया सह योद्धव्यमस्मिन्रणसमुद्यमे।

yāvadetān nirīkṣe 'haṃ yoddhu-kāmān avasthitān | kairmayā saha yoddhavyam asmin raṇa-samudyame ||

[1.22] until I look upon these who stand wishing to fight, and with whom I must fight in this rising of battle.

Word make-up

yāvadetān (यावदेतान्): The core matches the root vad, “to say.”
nirīkṣe (निरीक्षे): The core matches the root īkṣ, “to see, to look.” nir- (“out, without”) + īkṣe. Here: look.
'haṃ (ऽहं): 'haṃ is used as a grammatical form in this verse.
yoddhu-kāmān (योद्धु-कामान्): Compound. yoddhu: The core matches the root hu, “to pour the offering.” kāmān: From kam: desire, wish.
avasthitān (अवस्थितान्): ava- (“down, off”) joined to sthitān. From sthā, “to stand.” Standing-place; stood; having stood; stands. Together the form means ava + that sense.
kairmayā (कैर्मया): The core matches the root yā, “to go.”
saha (सह): Indeclinable: “with, together.”
yoddhavyam (योद्धव्यम्): Here: must fight. Here: must fight.
asmin (अस्मिन्): Locative of idam: “in this.”
raṇa-samudyame (रण-समुद्यमे): Compound. raṇa: raṇa is used as a grammatical form in this verse. samudyame: The core matches the root mud, “to be glad.” sam- (“together”) + udyame. Here: great combat.

योत्स्यमानानवेक्षेऽहं य एतेऽत्र समागताः। धार्तराष्ट्रस्य दुर्बुद्धेर्युद्धे प्रियचिकीर्षवः।

yotsyamānān avekṣe 'haṃ ya ete 'tra samāgatāḥ | dhārtarāṣṭrasya durbuddher yuddhe priya-cikīrṣavaḥ ||

[1.23] I would look upon those who have come here to fight, wishing in battle to please the son of Dhṛtarāṣṭra of ill buddhi.

Word make-up

yotsyamānān (योत्स्यमानान्): Future participle of yudh, “to fight.” Those about to fight.
avekṣe (अवेक्षे): ava- + īkṣ, “to see.” I would look upon.
aham (अहम्): aham, “I.”.
ye (ये): ye, “who (plural).”.
ete (एते): ete, “these.”.
atra (अत्र): atra, “here.”.
samāgatāḥ (समागताः): sam-ā-gam. Assembled; come together.
dhārtarāṣṭrasya (धार्तराष्ट्रस्य): descendant of Dhṛtarāṣṭra (dhṛta “held,” from dhṛ + rāṣṭra “kingdom”). A son of him whose kingdom is held. Here: of the son of Dhṛtarāṣṭra.
durbuddheḥ (दुर्बुद्धेः): dur- (“ill”) + buddhi (from budh, “to wake”). Ill-understanding; an evil mind. Here: of evil mind.
yuddhe (युद्धे): from yudh, “to fight.” Battle. Here: in battle.
priya-cikīrṣavaḥ (प्रिय-चिकीर्षवः): priya + cikīrṣavaḥ. Together: wishing to do what pleases him.

सञ्जय उवाच। एवमुक्तो हृषीकेशो गुडाकेशेन भारत। सेनयोरुभयोर्मध्ये स्थापयित्वा रथोत्तमम्।

sañjaya uvāca | evam ukto hṛṣīkeśo guḍākeśena bhārata | senayor ubhayor madhye sthāpayitvā rathottamam ||

[1.24] Sañjaya said: Addressed thus by Guḍākeśa, O descendant of Bharata, Hṛṣīkeśa stationed the excellent chariot in the middle of the two armies.

Word make-up

sañjaya (सञ्जय): sam- (“together”) + jaya (from ji, “to conquer”). Complete victory; Sañjaya, Dhṛtarāṣṭra’s bard and seer.
uvāca (उवाच): Perfect of vac, “to speak.” He said.
evam (एवम्): evam, “thus; in this way.”.
uktaḥ (उक्तः): Past participle of vac, “to speak.” Spoken; addressed.
hṛṣīkeśaḥ (हृषीकेशः): hṛṣīka (“sense-power”) + īśa (“master”). Master of the sense-powers. A name of Kṛṣṇa.
guḍākeśena (गुडाकेशेन): Inflected from guḍākeśa. guḍākā (“sleep, sloth”) + īśa (“master,” īś “to own”). Master of sleep; or “thick-haired.” A name of Arjuna.
bhārata (भारत): descendant of Bharata (from bhṛ, “to bear”). O descendant of Bharata.
senayoḥ (सेनयोः): Genitive dual of senā, “army.” Of the two armies.
ubhayoḥ (उभयोः): ubhayoḥ, “of both.”.
madhye (मध्ये): madhya, “middle.” The midst. Here: in the middle.
sthāpayitvā (स्थापयित्वा): Causative gerund of sthā. Having stationed; having made to stand.
ratha-uttamam (रथ-उत्तमम्): ratha (from ram/ṛ, related to “going.” A chariot) + uttamam (ut-tama, superlative of ud). Together: the excellent chariot.

भीष्मद्रोणप्रमुखतः सर्वेषां च महीक्षिताम्। उवाच पार्थ पश्यैतान्समवेतान्कुरूनिति।

bhīṣma-droṇa-pramukhataḥ sarveṣāṃ ca mahīkṣitām | uvāca pārtha paśyaitān samavetān kurūn iti ||

[1.25] In front of Bhīṣma, Droṇa, and all the rulers of the earth, he said: Pārtha, look at these Kurus assembled here.

Word make-up

bhīṣma-droṇa-pramukhataḥ (भीष्म-द्रोण-प्रमुखतः): bhīṣma (from bhīṣ, “to terrify,” or the vow that made him terrible) + droṇa (droṇa, “bucket,” a name from his birth in a vessel) + pramukhataḥ (pra-mukha, “facing, at the face.” In front; facing). Together: in front of Bhīṣma and Droṇa.
sarveṣām (सर्वेषाम्): sarveṣām, “of all.”.
ca (च): And.
mahī-kṣitām (मही-क्षिताम्): mahī (mahī, “the great one”: the earth) + kṣitām. Together: the rulers of the earth.
uvāca (उवाच): Perfect of vac, “to speak.” He said.
pārtha (पार्थ): pārtha: son of Pṛthā (Kuntī). A patronym, not a mystical title.
paśya (पश्य): Imperative of dṛś/paś, “to see.” Look.
etān (एतान्): etān, “these (accusative).”.
samavetān (समवेतान्): sam-ava-i, “to come down together.” Assembled; come together. Accusative.
kurūn (कुरून्): Accusative plural of Kuru, the people of that name. These Kurus.
iti (इति): Thus. Marks quoted speech or a close.

तत्रापश्यत्स्थितान्पार्थः पितॄनथ पितामहान्। आचार्यान्मातुलान्भ्रातॄन्पुत्रान्पौत्रान्सखींस्तथा।

tatrāpaśyat sthitān pārthaḥ pitṝn atha pitāmahān | ācāryān mātulān bhrātṝn putrān pautrān sakhīṃs tathā ||

[1.26] There Pārtha saw standing fathers and grandfathers, teachers, maternal uncles, brothers, sons, grandsons, and friends.

Word make-up

tatra (तत्र): tatra, “there; in that.”.
apaśyat (अपश्यत्): apa- (“away”) + śyat. Here: Imperfect of dṛś. He saw..
sthitān (स्थितान्): Inflected from sthita. From sthā, “to stand.” Standing-place; stood; having stood; stands.
pārthaḥ (पार्थः): pārtha: son of Pṛthā (Kuntī). A patronym, not a mystical title.
pitṝn (पितॄन्): Accusative plural of pitṛ, “father.” Fathers.
atha (अथ): Then; now. A starting-particle.
pitāmahān (पितामहान्): pitṛ (“father”) + maha (“great”). The great-father; grandfather. Here: grandfathers.
ācāryān (आचार्यान्): from ā-car, “to go toward, to practice.” One who practices and leads in practice; a teacher. Here: teachers.
mātulān (मातुलान्): mātula, “mother’s brother.” A maternal uncle. Here: maternal uncles.
bhrātṝn (भ्रातॄन्): Accusative plural of bhrātṛ, “brother.” Brothers.
putrān (पुत्रान्): putra, “son.”. Here: sons.
pautrān (पौत्रान्): pautra, “son’s son.” A grandson. Here: grandsons.
sakhīn (सखीन्): sakhi, “friend, companion.”. Here: friends.
tathā (तथा): tathā, “so.”.

श्वशुरान्सुहृदश्चैव सेनयोरुभयोरपि। तान्समीक्ष्य स कौन्तेयः सर्वान्बन्धूनवस्थितान्।

śvaśurān suhṛdaś caiva senayor ubhayor api | tān samīkṣya sa kaunteyaḥ sarvān bandhūn avasthitān ||

[1.27] Fathers-in-law and well-wishers too, in both armies. Looking upon all those kinsmen stationed there, the son of Kuntī—

Word make-up

śvaśurān (श्वशुरान्): śvaśura, “wife’s father.” A father-in-law. Here: fathers-in-law.
suhṛdaḥ (सुहृदः): su- (“well”) + hṛd (“heart”). A well-wisher; one of good heart. Here: well-wishers.
ca eva (च एव): ca, “and.” eva, “just so; also.” And also; and indeed.
senayoḥ (सेनयोः): Genitive dual of senā, “army.” Of the two armies.
ubhayoḥ api (उभयोः अपि): ubhayoḥ, “of both.”. Even; also. Together: of both.
tān (तान्): tān, accusative plural: “them.”.
samīkṣya (समीक्ष्य): sam- + īkṣ, gerund. Looking upon together.
saḥ (सः): saḥ, “he; that one.”.
kaunteyaḥ (कौन्तेयः): kaunteya: son of Kuntī. Patronym.
sarvān (सर्वान्): sarvān, “all (accusative).”.
bandhūn (बन्धून्): from bandh, “to bind.” Binding. Here: kinsmen.
avasthitān (अवस्थितान्): ava- (“down, off”) joined to sthitān. From sthā, “to stand.” Standing-place; stood; having stood; stands. Together the form means ava + that sense.

कृपया परयाविष्टो विषीदन्निदमब्रवीत्। अर्जुन उवाच। दृष्ट्वेमं स्वजनं कृष्ण युयुत्सुं समुपस्थितम्।

kṛpayā parayāviṣṭo viṣīdann idam abravīt | arjuna uvāca | dṛṣṭvemaṃ sva-janaṃ kṛṣṇa yuyutsuṃ samupasthitam ||

[1.28] overcome by deep compassion, grieving, said this. Arjuna said: Seeing this, my own people, Kṛṣṇa, standing near and eager to fight—

Word make-up

kṛpayā (कृपया): kṛpa, related to kṛpā “pity,” a name. Kṛpa, the ācārya. Here: by compassion.
parayā (परया): para, “beyond, further, higher.”. Here: deep.
āviṣṭaḥ (आविष्टः): ā- + viś, “to enter.” Overcome; entered by.
viṣīdan (विषीदन्): vi- + sad. Grieving; sinking.
idam (इदम्): idam, “this.”.
abravīt (अब्रवीत्): Imperfect of brū, “to speak.” He spoke.
arjunaḥ (अर्जुनः): from ṛj/arjuna, “white, straight.” Arjuna.
uvāca (उवाच): Perfect of vac, “to speak.” He said.
dṛṣṭvā (दृष्ट्वा): Gerund of dṛś, “to see.” Having seen.
imam (इमम्): imam, accusative: “this.”.
sva-janam (स्व-जनम्): sva (sva, “own.”) + janam (from jan, “to be born.” People; a person). Together: own people.
kṛṣṇa (कृष्ण): kṛṣṇa, “black, dark,” from kṛṣ “to draw, to plough.” The dark one: Kṛṣṇa.
yuyutsum (युयुत्सुम्): Accusative of yuyutsu, desiderative of yudh, “to fight.” Eager to fight; wishing-to-fight.
samupasthitam (समुपस्थितम्): sam-upa-sthā, “to stand near together.” Standing near; arrived.

सीदन्ति मम गात्राणि मुखं च परिशुष्यति। वेपथुश्च शरीरे मे रोमहर्षश्च जायते।

sīdanti mama gātrāṇi mukhaṃ ca pariśuṣyati | vepathuś ca śarīre me roma-harṣaś ca jāyate ||

[1.29] my limbs sink, and my mouth dries up. Trembling is in my body, and my hair stands on end.

Word make-up

sīdanti (सीदन्ति): from sad, “to sit, to sink.” They sink.
mama (मम): mama, “of me; my.”.
gātrāṇi (गात्राणि): from gam, “to go.” A limb as a going-member of the body. Here: limbs.
mukham (मुखम्): mukha: mouth, face, forefront.
ca (च): And.
pariśuṣyati (परिशुष्यति): pari- + śuṣ. Dries up all around.
vepathuḥ (वेपथुः): from vep, “to tremble.” Trembling; a quaking.
ca (च): And.
śarīre (शरीरे): From śṝ, “to crush, to break apart” (that which is liable to break), or from śri “to lean.” The breakable frame.
me (मे): me, enclitic of aham: “my, to me, of me.”.
roma-harṣaḥ (रोम-हर्षः): roma (roman, “body-hair.”) + harṣaḥ (from hṛṣ, “to bristle, to be glad.” Joy as a bristling-up). Together: bristling of hair.
ca (च): And.
jāyate (जायते): from jan, “to be born.” Is born; arises.

गाण्डीवं स्रंसते हस्तात्त्वक्चैव परिदह्यते। न च शक्नोम्यवस्थातुं भ्रमतीव च मे मनः।

gāṇḍīvaṃ sraṃsate hastāt tvak caiva paridahyate | na ca śaknomy avasthātuṃ bhramatīva ca me manaḥ ||

[1.30] Gāṇḍīva slips from my hand, and my skin burns. I cannot stand, and my manas seems to whirl.

Word make-up

gāṇḍīvam (गाण्डीवम्): Inflected from gāṇḍīva. Gāṇḍīva, Arjuna’s bow.
sraṃsate (स्रंसते): from sraṃs, “to slip.” It slips.
hastāt (हस्तात्): hasta, “hand.”. Here: from the hand.
tvak (त्वक्): tvac, “skin, covering.” The skin as a covering.
ca eva (च एव): ca, “and.” eva, “just so; also.” And also; and indeed.
paridahyate (परिदह्यते): pari- + dah, passive. Burns all around.
na ca (न च): na, “not.” ca, “and.” And not.
śaknomi (शक्नोमि): from śak, “to be able.” I am able.
avasthātum (अवस्थातुम्): Infinitive of ava-sthā, “to stand.” To stand; to take a stand.
bhramati iva (भ्रमति इव): from bhram, “to wander.” Whirls; wanders. Like; as if. Together: seems to whirl.
ca (च): And.
me (मे): me, enclitic of aham: “my, to me, of me.”.
manaḥ (मनः): from man, “to think.” The mind as the thinking faculty.

निमित्तानि च पश्यामि विपरीतानि केशव। न च श्रेयोऽनुपश्यामि हत्वा स्वजनमाहवे।

nimittāni ca paśyāmi viparītāni keśava | na ca śreyo 'nupaśyāmi hatvā sva-janam āhave ||

[1.31] And I see adverse omens, Keśava. I do not see good in killing my own people in battle.

Word make-up

nimittāni (निमित्तानि): ni- + mā, “to measure.” A sign; an omen as a measured mark. Here: omens.
ca (च): And.
paśyāmi (पश्यामि): From dṛś, “to see” (present paśya-). Sees; see!; I see; seeing; to see; having seen.
viparītāni (विपरीतानि): vi-pari-i, “to go the other way.” Turned the other way; adverse.
keśava (केशव): keśa (“hair”) + va, or slayer of the demon Keśin. Keśava: the long-haired one; Kṛṣṇa.
na ca (न च): na, “not.” ca, “and.” And not.
śreyaḥ (श्रेयः): Comparative of śrī / śrī- related “better, more splendid.” The better; what is more excellent.
anupaśyāmi (अनुपश्यामि): anu- + dṛś. I see along; I see as a consequence.
hatvā (हत्वा): Gerund of han, “to strike.” Having killed.
sva-janam (स्व-जनम्): sva (sva, “own.”) + janam (from jan, “to be born.” People; a person). Together: own people.
āhave (आहवे): ā- + hve, “to call.” Battle as a calling-together. Here: in battle.

न काङ्क्षे विजयं कृष्ण न च राज्यं सुखानि च। किं नो राज्येन गोविन्द किं भोगैर्जीवितेन वा।

na kāṅkṣe vijayaṃ kṛṣṇa na ca rājyaṃ sukhāni ca | kiṃ no rājyena govinda kiṃ bhogair jīvitena vā ||

[1.32] What is a kingdom to us, Govinda, or enjoyments, or even life? Those for whose sake we wanted kingdom, enjoyments and ease —

Word make-up

naḥ (नः): Negation: “not.”
kāṅkṣe (काङ्क्षे): Here: do I desire. Here: do I desire.
vijayam (विजयम्): vi- (“apart, asunder”) + jayam. Here: victory.
kṛṣṇa (कृष्ण): kṛṣṇa: dark, black. From kṛṣ, “to draw, to drag,” or as the dark colour. The dark one. Vocative: O Kṛṣṇa.
na (न): Negation: “not.”
ca (च): Enclitic particle: “and, also.”
rājyam (राज्यम्): The core matches the root rāj, “to shine, to rule.” Here: kingdom.
sukhāni (सुखानि): su- + kha: well-fitting, ease.
kim (किम्): Neuter interrogative: “what? why?”
no (नो): no is used as a grammatical form in this verse.
rājyena (राज्येन): The core matches the root rāj, “to shine, to rule.” Here: by kingdom.
govinda (गोविन्द): go (“cow, cattle, earth, ray”) + vinda (vid, “to find”). Finder of cows; also finder of the earth. A name of Kṛṣṇa.
kiṃ (किं): Neuter interrogative: “what? why?”
bhogair (भोगैर्): The core matches the root gai, “to sing.”
jīvitena (जीवितेन): The core matches the root jīv, “to live.” Here: life.
vā (वा): Particle: “or.”
ca (च): Enclitic particle: “and, also.”

येषामर्थे काङ्क्षितं नो राज्यं भोगाः सुखानि च। त इमेऽवस्थिता युद्धे प्राणांस्त्यक्त्वा धनानि च।

yeṣām arthe kāṅkṣitaṃ no rājyaṃ bhogāḥ sukhāni ca | ta ime 'vasthitā yuddhe prāṇāṃs tyaktvā dhanāni ca ||

[1.33] those very ones stand here in battle, having given up breaths and wealth: teachers, fathers, sons, and grandfathers likewise,

Word make-up

yeṣām (येषाम्): Genitive plural of yad: “of whom.”
arthe (अर्थे): artha: aim, meaning, wealth as what is sought. From a root of going-toward. That-for-which.
kāṅkṣitam (काङ्क्षितम्): The core matches the root kṣi, “to dwell / to destroy.” Here: coveted for.
no (नो): no is used as a grammatical form in this verse.
rājyam (राज्यम्): The core matches the root rāj, “to shine, to rule.” Here: kingdom.
bhogāḥ (भोगाः): Here: pleasures. Here: pleasures.
sukhāni (सुखानि): su- + kha: well-fitting, ease.
ca (च): Enclitic particle: “and, also.”
ta (त): ta is used as a grammatical form in this verse.
ime (इमे): Dual/plural of idam: “these.”
avasthitāḥ (अवस्थिताः): ava- (“down, off”) joined to sthitāḥ. From sthā, “to stand.” Standing-place; stood; having stood; stands. Together the form means ava + that sense.
yuddhe (युद्धे): From yudh, “to fight.” Fight; battle. yudhi is locative: in battle.
prāṇāṃs (प्राणांस्): prāṇāṃs is used as a grammatical form in this verse.
tyaktvā (त्यक्त्वा): From tyaj, “to leave.” Having left; one leaves; one should leave.
dhanāni (धनानि): The core matches the root han, “to strike.” Here: wealth.
ca (च): Enclitic particle: “and, also.”

आचार्याः पितरः पुत्रास्तथैव च पितामहाः। मातुलाः श्चशुराः पौत्राः श्यालाः सम्बन्धिनस्तथा।

ācāryāḥ pitaraḥ putrās tathaiva ca pitāmahāḥ | mātulāḥ śvaśurāḥ pautrāḥ śyālāḥ sambandhinas tathā ||

[1.34] maternal uncles, fathers-in-law, grandsons, brothers-in-law, and kin as well. I do not wish to kill them, O Madhusūdana, even if they kill me —

Word make-up

ācāryāḥ (आचार्याः): Inflected from ācārya. ā-car, “to go toward, to practice.” One who goes the way and shows it; the teacher by practice.
pitaraḥ (पितरः): Here: fathers. Here: fathers.
putrās (पुत्रास्): The core matches the root ās, “to sit.”
tathaiva (तथैव): tathā + eva: just so, likewise.
ca (च): Enclitic particle: “and, also.”
pitāmahāḥ (पितामहाः): Here: grandfathers. Here: grandfathers.
mātulāḥ (मातुलाः): The core matches the root mā, “to measure.” Here: maternal uncles.
śvaśurāḥ (श्वशुराः): Here: fathers-in-law. Here: fathers-in-law.
pautrāḥ (पौत्राः): Here: grandsons. Here: grandsons.
śyālāḥ (श्यालाः): The core matches the root yā, “to go.” Here: brothers-in-law.
sambandhinas (सम्बन्धिनस्): The core matches the root bandh, “to bind.” sam- (“together”) + bandhinas.
tathā (तथा): ta- + thā: “in that way, so.”

एतान्न हन्तुमिच्छामि घ्नतोऽपि मधुसूदन। अपि त्रैलोक्यराज्यस्य हेतोः किं नु महीकृते।

etān na hantum icchāmi ghnato 'pi madhusūdana | api trailokya-rājyasya hetoḥ kiṃ nu mahī-kṛte ||

[1.35] not even for the sake of kingship of the three worlds, still less for the earth. Having slain the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra, what delight would be ours, Janārdana?

Word make-up

etān (एतान्): Accusative plural of etad: “these.”
na (न): Negation: “not.”
hantum (हन्तुम्): From han, “to strike, to slay.” Strikes; is struck; to slay; having slain.
icchāmi (इच्छामि): From iṣ, “to wish.” I wish.
ghnataḥ (घ्नतः): Here: killed. Here: killed.
'pi (ऽपि): 'pi is used as a grammatical form in this verse.
madhusūdana (मधुसूदन): Madhu (a demon’s name) + sūdana (sūd, “to kill”). Slayer of Madhu. A name of Kṛṣṇa.
api (अपि): Particle: “also, even, though.”
trai-lokya-rājyasya (त्रै-लोक्य-राज्यस्य): Compound. trai: trai is used as a grammatical form in this verse. lokya: The core matches the root lok, “to see, to shine.” rājyasya: The core matches the root rāj, “to shine, to rule.” Here: dominion over three worlds.
hetoḥ (हेतोः): Here: for the sake of. Here: for the sake of.
kim (किम्): Neuter interrogative: “what? why?”
nu (नु): Here: what to speak of. Here: what to speak of.
mahī-kṛte (मही-कृते): Compound. mahī: mahī is used as a grammatical form in this verse. kṛte: The core matches the root kṛ, “to do, to make.” Here: for the earth.

निहत्य धार्तराष्ट्रान्नः का प्रीतिः स्याज्जनार्दन। पापमेवाश्रयेदस्मान्हत्वैतानाततायिनः।

nihatya dhārtarāṣṭrān naḥ kā prītiḥ syāj janārdana | pāpam evāśrayed asmān hatvaitān ātatāyinaḥ ||

[1.36] If we slay the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra, what joy would there be for us, Janārdana? Evil alone would cling to us if we killed these aggressors.

Word make-up

nihatya (निहत्य): ni- + han, gerund. Having slain down.
dhārtarāṣṭrān (धार्तराष्ट्रान्): descendant of Dhṛtarāṣṭra (dhṛta “held,” from dhṛ + rāṣṭra “kingdom”). A son of him whose kingdom is held. Here: the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra.
naḥ (नः): naḥ, “us; our; for us.”.
kā (का): kā, “what? who? (feminine).”.
prītiḥ (प्रीतिः): from prī, “to please, to love.” Joy as a pleasing.
syāt (स्यात्): syāt, optative of as: “would be.”.
janārdana (जनार्दन): jana (“people,” from jan “to be born”) + ardana (from ard, “to agitate”). Agitator of people: Janārdana, an epithet of Kṛṣṇa.
pāpam (पापम्): pāpa: evil, a bad deed. What is ill. Not a Christian “sin” imported whole.
eva (एव): Just so; indeed; only. Emphatic.
āśrayet (आश्रयेत्): ā- + śri, optative. Would cling; would resort.
asmān (अस्मान्): asmān, “us (accusative).”.
hatvā (हत्वा): Gerund of han, “to strike.” Having killed.
etān (एतान्): etān, “these (accusative).”.
ātatāyinaḥ (आततायिनः): ā-tata (stretched) + āyin. One who comes with a stretched bow; an aggressor. Here: aggressors.

तस्मान्नार्हा वयं हन्तुं धार्तराष्ट्रान्स्वबान्धवान्। स्वजनं हि कथं हत्वा सुखिनः स्याम माधव।

tasmān nārhā vayaṃ hantuṃ dhārtarāṣṭrān sa-bāndhavān | sva-janaṃ hi kathaṃ hatvā sukhinaḥ syāma mādhava ||

[1.37] Therefore we are not fit to kill the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra, our own kin. For how, having killed our own people, could we be glad, O Mādhava?

Word make-up

tasmān (तस्मान्): The core matches the root mā, “to measure.”
nārhā (नार्हा): nārhā is used as a grammatical form in this verse.
vayam (वयम्): Here: we. Here: we.
hantum (हन्तुम्): From han, “to strike, to slay.” Strikes; is struck; to slay; having slain.
dhārtarāṣṭrān (धार्तराष्ट्रान्): The core matches the root dhā, “to place.” Here: the sons of Dhritarashtra.
sa-bāndhavān (स-बान्धवान्): Compound. sa: Nominative singular masculine of tad: “he, that one.” bāndhavān: bāndhavān is used as a grammatical form in this verse.
sva-janam (स्व-जनम्): Compound. sva: sva is used as a grammatical form in this verse. janam: The core matches the root nam, “to bow.” Here: kinsmen.
hi (हि): Particle: “for, because, indeed” — marks a reason or emphasis.
katham (कथम्): ka- + tham: “how?”
hatvā (हत्वा): From han, “to strike, to slay.” Strikes; is struck; to slay; having slain.
sukhinaḥ (सुखिनः): su- (“well, good”) + khinaḥ. Here: happy.
syāma (स्याम): The core matches the root yā, “to go.” Here: will we become.
mādhava (माधव): Descendant of Madhu (the Yadu line); or mā (Lakṣmī) + dhava (“man, husband”). A name of Kṛṣṇa.

यद्यप्येते न पश्यन्ति लोभोपहतचेतसः। कुलक्षयकृतं दोषं मित्रद्रोहे च पातकम्।

yady apy ete na paśyanti lobhopahata-cetasaḥ | kula-kṣaya-kṛtaṃ doṣaṃ mitra-drohe ca pātakam ||

[1.38] Even if these, their thought struck down by greed, do not see the fault born of destroying a family and the stain in betraying a friend —

Word make-up

yady (यद्य्): yady is used as a grammatical form in this verse.
apy (अप्य्): apy is used as a grammatical form in this verse.
ete (एते): Nominative plural of etad: “these.”
na (न): Negation: “not.”
paśyanti (पश्यन्ति): The core matches the root an, “to breathe.” Here: see.
lobhopahata-cetasaḥ (लोभोपहत-चेतसः): Compound. lobhopahata: lobhopahata is used as a grammatical form in this verse. cetasaḥ: The core matches the root as, “to be.”
kula-kṣaya-kṛtam (कुल-क्षय-कृतम्): Compound. kula: kula is used as a grammatical form in this verse. kṣaya: kṣaya is used as a grammatical form in this verse. kṛtam: The core matches the root kṛ, “to do, to make.” Here: in annihilating their relatives.
doṣam (दोषम्): From duṣ, “to spoil.” A fault; a spoiling.
mitra-drohe (मित्र-द्रोहे): Compound. mitra: mitra is used as a grammatical form in this verse. drohe: drohe is used as a grammatical form in this verse. Here: to wreak treachery upon friends.
ca (च): Enclitic particle: “and, also.”
pātakam (पातकम्): The core matches the root kam, “to desire.” Here: sin.

कुलक्षये प्रणश्यन्ति कुलधर्माः सनातनाः। धर्मे नष्टे कुलं कृत्स्नमधर्मोऽभिभवत्युत।

kula-kṣaye praṇaśyanti kula-dharmāḥ sanātanāḥ | dharme naṣṭe kulaṃ kṛtsnam adharmo 'bhibhavaty uta ||

[1.39] At the kṣaya of the family, the ancient family dharmas perish. When dharma is lost, adharma overpowers the whole family.

Word make-up

kula-kṣaye (कुल-क्षये): kṣi, “to dwindle, to destroy.” The dwindling; the coming-to-an-end. Not a time-span. Not a clean “completion.” kula: family. Locative: in the dwindling of the family.
praṇaśyanti (प्रणश्यन्ति): pra- + naś, “to perish.” They perish forth; they are ruined.
kula-dharmāḥ (कुल-धर्माः): kula (kula, “family, herd.” The family as a herd-group) + dharmāḥ (from dhṛ, “to hold, to bear.” What holds a thing in its way: the holding-law, dharma). Together: family dharmas.
sanātanāḥ (सनातनाः): from sanā, “from of old.” Ancient and lasting; of old and still.
dharme (धर्मे): from dhṛ, “to hold, to bear.” What holds a thing in its way: the holding-law, dharma. Here: when dharma.
naṣṭe (नष्टे): from naś, “to perish.” Lost; perished. Here: is lost.
kulam (कुलम्): kula, “family, herd.” The family as a herd-group.
kṛtsnam (कृत्स्नम्): kṛtsna, “whole, entire.”.
adharmaḥ (अधर्मः): a- (“not”) + dharma (from dhṛ, “to hold”). The not-holding; what is against the holding-law. Here: adharma.
abhibhavati (अभिभवति): abhi- + bhū. Overpowers; comes over.
uta (उत): And; indeed.

अधर्माभिभवात्कृष्ण प्रदुष्यन्ति कुलस्त्रियः। स्त्रीषु दुष्टासु वार्ष्णेय जायते वर्णसङ्करः।

adharmābhibhavāt kṛṣṇa praduṣyanti kula-striyaḥ | strīṣu duṣṭāsu vārṣṇeya jāyate varṇa-saṅkaraḥ ||

[1.40] From that overpowering by adharma, Kṛṣṇa, the women of the family become corrupted. When the women are corrupted, O descendant of Vṛṣṇi, varṇa-saṅkara is born.

Word make-up

adharma-abhibhavāt (अधर्म-अभिभवात्): adharma (a- (“not”) + dharma (from dhṛ, “to hold”)) + abhibhavāt. Together: from the overpowering of adharma.
kṛṣṇa (कृष्ण): kṛṣṇa, “black, dark,” from kṛṣ “to draw, to plough.” The dark one: Kṛṣṇa.
praduṣyanti (प्रदुष्यन्ति): pra- + duṣ. They become corrupted.
kula-striyaḥ (कुल-स्त्रियः): kula (kula, “family, herd.” The family as a herd-group) + striyaḥ. Together: the women of the family.
strīṣu (स्त्रीषु): Locative plural of strī, “woman.” When women; among women.
duṣṭāsu (दुष्टासु): from duṣ, “to spoil.” Spoiled; corrupted. Here: are corrupted.
vārṣṇeya (वार्ष्णेय): Descendant of Vṛṣṇi. O Vṛṣṇi-one: Kṛṣṇa.
jāyate (जायते): from jan, “to be born.” Is born; arises.
varṇa-saṅkaraḥ (वर्ण-सङ्करः): varṇa (from vṛ, “to cover, to colour.” Colour; class as a colouring) + saṅkaraḥ (sam- + kṛ, “to mix, to scatter.” A mixing; a confusion of kinds). Together: mixing of varṇas.

सङ्करो नरकायैव कुलघ्नानां कुलस्य च। पतन्ति पितरो ह्येषां लुप्तपिण्डोदकक्रियाः।

saṅkaro narakāyaiva kula-ghnānāṃ kulasya ca | patanti pitaro hy eṣāṃ lupta-piṇḍodaka-kriyāḥ ||

[1.41] That saṅkara leads to hell for the family-slayers and for the family. For their fathers fall, when the rites of rice-ball and water are lost.

Word make-up

saṅkaraḥ (सङ्करः): sam- + kṛ, “to mix, to scatter.” A mixing; a confusion of kinds.
narakāya eva (नरकाय एव): naraka, “the pit, hell” + dative. eva, “indeed.” To hell indeed.
kula-ghnānām (कुल-घ्नानाम्): kula (kula, “family, herd.” The family as a herd-group) + ghnānām. Together: of the family-slayers.
kulasya (कुलस्य): kula, “family, herd.” The family as a herd-group. Here: of the family.
ca (च): And.
patanti (पतन्ति): from pat, “to fall.” They fall.
pitaraḥ (पितरः): Nominative plural of pitṛ, “father.” The fathers; the ancestral dead.
hi (हि): For; indeed. Marks a reason.
eṣām (एषाम्): eṣām, “of these.”.
lupta (लुप्त): from lup, “to break, to omit.” Lost; cut off.
piṇḍa-udaka-kriyāḥ (पिण्ड-उदक-क्रियाः): piṇḍa (piṇḍa, “lump, rice-ball.” The funeral rice-ball) + udaka (udaka, “water.”) + kriyāḥ (from kṛ, “to do.” A rite; a doing). Together: the rites of rice-ball and water.

दोषैरेतैः कुलघ्नानां वर्णसङ्करकारकैः। उत्साद्यन्ते जातिधर्माः कुलधर्माश्च शाश्वताः।

doṣair etaiḥ kula-ghnānāṃ varṇa-saṅkara-kārakaiḥ | utsādyante jāti-dharmāḥ kula-dharmāś ca śāśvatāḥ ||

[1.42] By these faults of the family-slayers, which cause varṇa-saṅkara, the lasting dharmas of jāti and of family are destroyed.

Word make-up

doṣaiḥ (दोषैः): from duṣ, “to spoil.” A fault; a spoiling. Here: by the faults.
etaiḥ (एतैः): etaiḥ, “by these.”.
kula-ghnānām (कुल-घ्नानाम्): kula (kula, “family, herd.” The family as a herd-group) + ghnānām. Together: of the family-slayers.
varṇa-saṅkara-kārakaiḥ (वर्ण-सङ्कर-कारकैः): varṇa (from vṛ, “to cover, to colour.” Colour; class as a colouring) + saṅkara (sam- + kṛ, “to mix, to scatter.” A mixing; a confusion of kinds) + kārakaiḥ. Together: which cause mixing of varṇas.
utsādyante (उत्साद्यन्ते): Causative passive of ud-sad. Are destroyed; are made to sit out.
jāti-dharmāḥ (जाति-धर्माः): jāti (from jan, “to be born.” Birth-group; community of birth) + dharmāḥ (from dhṛ, “to hold, to bear.” What holds a thing in its way: the holding-law, dharma). Together: the dharmas of communities.
kula-dharmāḥ (कुल-धर्माः): kula (kula, “family, herd.” The family as a herd-group) + dharmāḥ (from dhṛ, “to hold, to bear.” What holds a thing in its way: the holding-law, dharma). Together: family dharmas.
ca (च): And.
śāśvatāḥ (शाश्वताः): from śaśvat, “ever, continually.” Everlasting; what goes on and on.

उत्सन्नकुलधर्माणां मनुष्याणां जनार्दन। नरके नियतं वासो भवतीत्यनुशुश्रुम।

utsanna-kula-dharmāṇāṃ manuṣyāṇāṃ janārdana | narake niyataṃ vāso bhavatīty anuśuśruma ||

[1.43] We have heard, Janārdana, that men whose family dharmas are ruined dwell surely in hell.

Word make-up

utsanna-kula-dharmāṇām (उत्सन्न-कुल-धर्माणाम्): utsanna (ud- + sad, “to sit.” Sunk; ruined as sitting-out) + kula (kula, “family, herd.” The family as a herd-group) + dharmāṇām (from dhṛ, “to hold, to bear.” What holds a thing in its way: the holding-law, dharma). Together: whose family dharmas are ruined.
manuṣyāṇām (मनुष्याणाम्): from manu. A human; a man. Here: of men.
janārdana (जनार्दन): jana (“people,” from jan “to be born”) + ardana (from ard, “to agitate”). Agitator of people: Janārdana, an epithet of Kṛṣṇa.
narake (नरके): naraka, “hell, the pit.”. Here: in hell.
niyatam (नियतम्): Inflected from niyata. ni-yam, “to restrain down.” Restrained. niyata-ātman: those of restrained self.
vāsaḥ (वासः): from vas, “to dwell.” Dwelling.
bhavati (भवति): bhavati, from bhū, “to be.” It comes to be; there is.
iti (इति): Thus. Marks quoted speech or a close.
anuśuśruma (अनुशुश्रुम): anu- + śru, perfect. We have heard along the tradition.

अहो बत महत्पापं कर्तुं व्यवसिता वयम्। यद्राज्यसुखलोभेन हन्तुं स्वजनमुद्यताः।

aho bata mahat pāpaṃ kartuṃ vyavasitā vayam | yad rājya-sukha-lobhena hantuṃ sva-janam udyatāḥ ||

[1.44] Alas — we have resolved to do a great evil: greedy for the joy of kingship, we stand ready to kill our own people.

Word make-up

aho bata (अहो बत): aho, “ah.” bata, “alas.” Alas.
mahat (महत्): mahat, from mah, “to be great.” Great; the large.
pāpam (पापम्): pāpa: evil, a bad deed. What is ill. Not a Christian “sin” imported whole.
kartum (कर्तुम्): From kṛ, “to do, to make.” To do; having done; doing.
vyavasitāḥ (व्यवसिताः): vi-ava-sā, past. Resolved; settled.
vayam (वयम्): vayam, “we.”.
yat (यत्): yad, “which; what.”.
rājya-sukha-lobhena (राज्य-सुख-लोभेन): rājya (from rājan (rāj, “to rule”)) + sukha (su- (“well”) + kha (“space, axle-hole”)) + lobhena (from lubh, “to desire greedily.” Greed). Together: by greed for the joy of kingship.
hantum (हन्तुम्): from han, “to strike.” A killer; a striker. Here: to kill.
sva-janam (स्व-जनम्): sva (sva, “own.”) + janam (from jan, “to be born.” People; a person). Together: own people.
udyatāḥ (उद्यताः): ud- + yam, past. Ready; raised toward.

यदि मामप्रतीकारमशस्त्रं शस्त्रपाणयः। धार्तराष्ट्रा रणे हन्युस्तन्मे क्षेमतरं भवेत्।

yadi mām apratīkāram aśastraṃ śastra-pāṇayaḥ | dhārtarāṣṭrā raṇe hanyus tan me kṣemataram bhavet ||

[1.45] If the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra, weapons in hand, should kill me in battle unarmed and unresisting, that would be more wholesome for me.

Word make-up

yadi (यदि): yadi, “if.”.
mām (माम्): mām, accusative of aham: “me.”.
apratīkāram (अप्रतीकारम्): a- (“not”) + prati-kṛ, “to do against.” Unresisting; making no counter-deed.
aśastram (अशस्त्रम्): a- (“not”) + the rest. from śas, “to cut.” A weapon that cuts. Together: unarmed.
śastra-pāṇayaḥ (शस्त्र-पाणयः): śastra (from śas, “to cut.” A weapon that cuts) + pāṇayaḥ. Together: with weapons in hand.
dhārtarāṣṭrāḥ (धार्तराष्ट्राः): descendant of Dhṛtarāṣṭra (dhṛta “held,” from dhṛ + rāṣṭra “kingdom”). A son of him whose kingdom is held. Here: the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra.
raṇe (रणे): from raṇ, “to sound, to rejoice (in fight).” Battle; the roar of fight. Here: in battle.
hanyuḥ (हन्युः): Optative of han, “to strike.” They should kill.
tat (तत्): tad, “that.”.
me (मे): me, enclitic of aham: “my, to me, of me.”.
kṣema-taram (क्षेम-तरम्): kṣema (from kṣi, “to dwell well.” Welfare; the more wholesome) + taram. Together: more wholesome.
bhavet (भवेत्): bhavet, optative of bhū: “would be.”.

सञ्जय उवाच। एवमुक्त्वार्जुनः सङ्ख्ये रथोपस्थ उपाविशत्। विसृज्य सशरं चापं शोकसंविग्नमानसः।

sañjaya uvāca | evam uktvārjunaḥ saṅkhye rathopastha upāviśat | visṛjya sa-śaraṃ cāpaṃ śoka-saṃvigna-mānasaḥ ||

[1.46] Sañjaya said: Having spoken thus in the battle, Arjuna sat down on the chariot seat, casting aside bow and arrows, his manas shaken by grief.

Word make-up

sañjaya (सञ्जय): sam- (“together”) + jaya (from ji, “to conquer”). Complete victory; Sañjaya, Dhṛtarāṣṭra’s bard and seer.
uvāca (उवाच): Perfect of vac, “to speak.” He said.
evam (एवम्): evam, “thus; in this way.”.
uktvā (उक्त्वा): Gerund of vac, “to speak.” Having spoken.
arjunaḥ (अर्जुनः): from ṛj/arjuna, “white, straight.” Arjuna.
saṅkhye (सङ्ख्ये): sam- + khyā, “to tell, to number.” Battle as a numbering-together; also Sāṅkhya, the numbering-wisdom. Here: in the battle.
ratha-upasthe (रथ-उपस्थे): ratha (from ram/ṛ, related to “going.” A chariot) + upasthe (upa-sthā, “to stand near.” The seat; the place of sitting near). Together: on the chariot seat.
upāviśat (उपाविशत्): upa- + viś, “to enter.” He sat down; he entered near.
visṛjya (विसृज्य): vi- + sṛj, gerund. Casting aside; emitting away.
sa-śaram (स-शरम्): sa + śaram. Together: with arrows.
cāpam (चापम्): cāpa, “bow.”.
śoka-saṃvigna-mānasaḥ (शोक-संविग्न-मानसः): śoka (from śuc) + saṃvigna + mānasaḥ (manas, from man, “to think.” Mind). Together: his mind shaken by grief.